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Vårdvalet blev obligatorisk inom den svenska primärvården år 2010, vilket utökade patienternas valmöjligheter och gjorde det möjligt för privata vårdgivare att etablera sig med offentlig finansiering. Även om vårdvalsreformens påverkan på primärvårdens utformning är allmänt erkänd, är resultaten gällande dess effekter på jämlikhet i vårdutnyttjande delvis motsägelsefulla.Det överordnade syftet med

Phosphorus (P) is a critical macronutrient for plant growth, often limiting plant production in areas where plant demand is higher than soil supply. In contrast to nitrogen (N), P cannot be sourced from the atmosphere; therefore, where it is rare, it becomes a strong constraint on primary production. Due to this, most dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are incorporating a prognostic P cycle

This thesis consists of three self-contained papers that use methods in applied microeconometrics to study questions involving gender, housing, and peers.In the first paper, we examine whether gender gaps in labor market outcomes are driven by differences in productivity. Using the as-if random allocation of job seekers to caseworkers at the Swedish Employment Agency, we are able to calculate prod

The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the knowledge on the organization of work in the textile supply chain on the eve of industrialization. To do this we make a case-study of Herman Krutmeijers Hosiery and textile factory which was active in Malmö between 1768 and 1784. We are especially interested in the role of the spinners and try to answer three specific questions: what did the organiza

Power Factor Correction (PFC) converters are essential in designing any charging architecture, regardless of the battery's capacity and the application. Nevertheless, power converters, having continuous output current features, are widely used for battery charging applications. In contrast, converters with continuous input current characteristics exhibit better PFC performance. The Cuk converter c

What are the heaviest elements that can exist in Nature or be created on Earth? Does an ‘Island of Stability’ exist beyond uranium? Questions like these are often asked in connection with Long Range Plans of nuclear physics communities or large-scale accelerator facilities. Information on the chemical and physical properties of superheavy elements (Z>103) or nuclei is notoriously difficult to coll

The mechanisms of glass transitions and the behavior of small solute molecules in a glassy matrix are some of the most important topics of modern thermodynamics. Water plays an important role in the physical and chemical stability of lyophilized biologics formulations, in which glassy carbohydrates act as cryoprotectants and stabilizers. In this study, sorption calorimetry was used for simultaneou

To evaluate an atomic force microscopy (AFM) approach for effective density analysis of single spray dried carbohydrate particles in order to investigate the internal structure of the particles. In addition, the AFM method was compared to an established technique, that is gas pycnometry. Resonant frequency AFM analysis was employed for determination of the mass of individual particles of spray-dri

Powders are essential ingredients of chocolate. In particular for milk chocolate milk and whey powders are important, together with sucrose, lactose and cocoa solids. During processing to maintain a good flow of the molten chocolate mass, particles with hydrophilic surfaces, such as dairy powders and sugars, are coated with a surface-active compound. Only lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate

In this paper, we present a method for in situ coating of individual protein particles in a respirable size. The aim of the coating was to influence the particle/powder properties, and to reduce or prevent surface-induced conformational changes of the protein, during spray-drying, which was the method used for simultaneously preparing and coating particles. The investigated formulations included b

Solid insulin formulations obtained by different methods of preparation were compared with respect to chemical stability and morphology. Spray- and freeze-drying, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) and precipitation into starch microspheres were the methods used for preparation of solid powders. The excipients applied were melezitose, starch, and sodium taurocholate. The s

The purpose of this study was to examine some fundamental aspects of the particle formation during spray drying, related to particle size and density. Particles were prepared in a laboratory spray dryer from carbohydrates with different solubility and crystallization propensity, such as lactose, mannitol, and sucrose/dextran 4:1. The feed concentrations ranged from 1% w/w to saturated and the size

This study investigates to what extent an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) can encapsulate and protect the secondary structure of a protein during spray drying. The ATPSs contained polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dextran solutions, in different proportions. A model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and, in some experiments, trehalose were added to the ATPS prior to spray drying. Electron spectroscopy