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A parapineal organ was found to be present in 21 teleost fishes belonging to 20 different families, but was absent in poecilids and cyprinodontids. The parapineal organ was situated on the left side of the brain and sent a nerve tract to the left habenular nucleus, except in Gadus, where a “parapineal organ” appeared to send a nerve tract into the pineal stalk. The parapineal organ of adult Gaster

With the aid of specific antisera to the retinal proteins S‐antigen and α‐transducin and to the rhodopsin apoprotein opsin, we have labeled various cell populations in the pineal organ, parapineal organ, habenular nucleus, and subcommissural organ in two teleost species: the rainbow trout and the European minnow. Although these proteins are associated with photoreceptor functions, not only photore

Restricted numbers of substance P-like-immuno-reactive (SPL-IR) neurons were demonstrated in the photosensory pineal organ of the rainbow trout. The small parapineal organ of this teleost species receives a distinct SPL-IR innervation via the habenular nuclei, but displays no intrinsic SPL-IR neurons. Intrapineal SPL-IR neurons were located in the rostral portion of the pineal end-vesicle. Neurona

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)- and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the developing pineal complex of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., by use of light-microscopic indirect immunoperoxidase techniques. 5-HT immunoreactivity first occurs in the pineal organ at the age of 80 h after fertilization and appears to be localized in cells of the photoreceptor type. The outer seg

The ontogenetic developments of the pineal organ, parapineal organ, and retina were studied by the use of light and electron microscopy in embryos and fry of the teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from 60 to 168 h after fertilization. Sixty to 66 h after fertilization, the primordium of the pineal complex is discernible in the diencephalic roofplate; the parapineal anlage is located rostral to the p

The pineal complex of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) was investigated by light and electron microscopy, as well as fluorescence histochemistry for demonstration of catecholamines and indolamines. The pineal complex of the stickleback consists of a pineal organ and a small parapineal organ situated on the left side of the pineal stalk. The pineal organ, including the entir

Research suggests that jurors misunderstand the presumption of innocence. However, past studies have not asked participants to estimate the defendant’s probability of guilt, setting aside the fact of charge and indictment. We conduct two studies to explore the impact of this question wording on estimates of the probability of guilt/innocence by jury-eligible Mturk workers. In Experiment 1 (N = 275

The photosensory pineal complex of anurans comprises an extracranial part, the frontal organ, and an intracranial part, the pineal organ proper. Although the pineal organ functions mainly as a luminosity detector, the frontal organ may monitor the relative proportions of short and intermediate/long wavelengths in the ambient illumination. The major pathway of information processing in the pineal a

The timing of hatching in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) has been suggested to be regulated by environmental light conditions. However, the photosensory organ that perceives the triggering light has not been identified. In the present study, we investigated the morphogenesis of the pineal organ and the neurochemical differentiation of photoreceptors in the pineal organ and the re

Opsin-like immunoreactivity was observed in the retinae and pineal organs of the mouse, rat and guinea pig, and the pineal organ of the cat. In the retina the immunoreaction was restricted to photoreceptor cells, which displayed immunostaining in their perikarya and outer and inner segments. Distinct pinealocytes endowed with characteristic processes were labelled in the pineal organs of the mouse

Neural processes from mammalian pinealocytes have been discovered in several brain areas. These processes were visualized immunocytochemically in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus, with an antiserum against bovine retinal S-antigen and traced as far as the region of the posterior commissure and habenular nuclei. This result indicates that pineal-to-brain connections exist in the mammal, an

Abstract Dark and light adaptation of pineal photoreceptors was studied in the isolated pineal organ of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. After intracellular recording, the photoreceptors were iontophoretically injected with Lucifer yellow CH or with horseradish peroxidase for morphological characterization. Pineal photoreceptor cells responded to light with a hyperpolarization whose amplitude w

Photoreceptor potentials were recorded intracellularly from the isolated pineal organ of the teleost, Salmo gairdneri, maintained in tissue culture medium for 2-20 h. After electrophysiological characterization the photoreceptor cells were iontophoretically injected with Lucifer Yellow or with horseradish peroxidase for subsequent morphological identification. A brief flash of light elicited a hyp

The effect of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), its agonists (muscimol, baclofen) and antagonist (bicuculline) on pineal ganglion cells of the luminosity type were studied in the isolated, superfused pineal organ of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Extracellular recordings revealed that GABA added through the superfusion medium caused a clear alteration of the actvity of projecting neurons, which

The development of photoreceptors and two putative neurotransmitter systems in the pineal organ and retina was studied during embryogenesis in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. The investigation was performed by aid of immunocytochemistry using well characterized antisera to the retinal proteins α-transducin (TDα) and S-antigen (SA) (photoreceptor-markers), antisera against l-

We have examined the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells in the pineal organ of different developmental stages of the Pacific coho salmon. Large numbers of AChE cells were present in fresh-water living alevins, in all stages of presmolts (n=307-544), and in adult spawners (n=696-1774) whereas seawater-living postmolts displayed a total lack of labeled cells. The AChE-reactive

The distribution of the central neural connections of the pineal organ of the larval sea lamprey was investigated by means of anterograde and retrograde tracing with the fluorescent lipophilic dye. DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl 3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate). Pinealofugal projections are well developed in larvae, extending from the posterior commissure into the diencephalon and mesence

The relations of the central neural connections of the pineal organ to those of the retinae of the lateral eyes were investigated in the three‐spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Teleostei), by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was applied to the crushed pineal stalk and/or injected into the left or the right eye. Both pineal and retinal efferents