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The notion of "global warming" has become a major public-domain concept as an environmental threat to our future on earth. Independently of the accuracy of existing prediction of combustion emissions on the climate on earth, the concept of reducing combustion emissions has been an important political driving force in imposing more and more severe restrictions on harmful emissions from combustion.
Popular Abstract in Swedish Modelleringsarbetet utvecklat i denna avhandling, kan delas in i två huvudområden: självantändning i ottomotorer, samt förbränning och emissioner i dieselmotorer. En första version av ett motorsimuleringsprogram med detaljerad kemisk kinetik, utökad för att innefatta full-cykel beräkningar, användes för att visa den starka påverkan som kväveoxider i restgaser har på sjThe modeling work developed in this thesis can be divided in two main areas of investigations: autoignition related to spark ignition engine and combustion and emissions formation in relation to diesel engines. A first version of a detailed kinetics engine simulation program, extended to handle full cycle calculations, was employed in order to demonstrate the strong effect that nitric oxide from
Popular Abstract in Swedish Att ha tillgång till en världsbeskrivning under exekveringen av sensorstyrda robotsystem kan potentialen hos ett industriellt robotsystem avsevärt förbättras. Intellegent beslut kan baseras på den nominella informationen tillgänglig under planeringsstadiet och den nya informationen som erhålles från sensorer under körningen. Världsbeskrivningen kan då uppdateras kontinuTraditional off-line programming is not enough in order to use the full potential of virtual models and simulation system in industrial robot applications. The interface between off-line programming system and the robot controller is today restricted to program transfer. In this way a large amount of information is lost since typical robot programming languages is rather limited. If the virtual m
To predict the service life of a structure, a model where the exposure of a structure is compared to its resistance can be used. Which exposure and resistance parameters that are relevant depend on which materials the structure consist of. This approach, with an exposure and a resistance parameter, is similar to the one used in structural engineering where a load (exposure) is compared to the bear
Popular Abstract in Swedish Mjölk värmebehandlas för att döda eventuella bakterier och för att förlänga hållbarheten på produkten. Samtidigt som eventuella bakterier förstörs av värmen så sker även andra reaktioner i mjölken. Proteiner förlorar sin naturliga struktur och börjar sätta ihop sig i olika aggregat och formationer som sedan kan fastna på den värmande ytan. Tillsammans med proteinerna faFouling is the deposit of proteins and minerals formed on equipment surfaces during the heat treatment of dairy products. The concentrations of the components and the structure of the fouling reflect the processing conditions used. The use of a higher processing temperature, e.g., ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment, promotes a mineral-rich fouling. The fouling layer decreases the transfer of h
The ability to sense the surrounding environment and respond to external fluctuations is a fundamental property of cells, the basic unit of life. Although cells can be very different in their composition and structure, they all have specialized molecular mechanisms that allow them to adapt to their environment, by coordinating gene expression and protein production. In this thesis, we focus on a s
Wastewater treatment processes are inherently dynamic because of the large variations in the influent wastewater flow rate, concentration and composition. Moreover, these variations are to a large extent not possible to control. The adaptive behaviour of the involved microorganisms imposes further difficulties in terms of time-varying process parameters. Mathematical models and computer simulation
Laser-induced fluorescence is a clinical diagnostic tool, used for tumor demarcation and detection. The technique relies on the injection or topical application of a light sensitive drug called a photosensitizer. This substance has the ability to be accumulated to higher concentrations in cancer cells than in normal cells. This accumulation procedure takes from a few hours to several days, dependin
Background: Some patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) cannot be treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and will therefore not receive effective thromboprophylaxis. The primary objective of the present Phase II trial (NCT00623779) was to assess the feasibility of conducting a study with a novel oral anticoagulant, the direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837, in patients with AF unable or unwilling t
BackgroundStandardised mortality ratio (SMR) is a common quality indicator in critical care and is the ratio between observed mortality and expected mortality. Typically, in-hospital mortality is used to derive SMR, but the use of a time-fixed, more objective, end-point has been advocated. This study aimed to determine the relationship between in-hospital mortality and 30-day mortality on a compre
The structure, luminescence spectroscopy, and lifetime decay dynamics of Eu2O3 nanoparticles formed in MCM-41 have been investigated. Both X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that Eu2O3 nanoparticles of monoclinic structure are formed inside channels of MCM-41 by heating at 140 degreesC. However, heat treatment at 600 or 700 degreesC causes
The trend within fluid industry is towards continuous production, leading to an increasing demand for new and improved methods that allow real-time monitoring of quality parameters and fast process control. The consistency and viscosity can be described by fluid rheology and are frequently used as quality control parameters. Rheological properties can be correlated with product microstructure, the
This thesis presents spin transport studies of ferromagnetic nano-scaled tunneling devices fabricated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron beam lithography (EBL). The thesis covers three main topics: The first topic is a study of spin accumulation (relaxation) in Au nano-structures using Ni/Au/Ni ferromagnetic single electron transistors (F-SETs). A Ni/Au/Ni F-SET with a single central Au
The repair jobs that birds have to do to maintain high quality plumage take energy and time, so should be under intense selection. Recently, we have shown that secondary moult in the Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria is incomplete, irregular and asymmetric between wings, and argued that this reflected their ‘relaxed’ migratory habits. On the basis of this hypothesis, we predict that relat
Transition-metal complexes are used as photosensitizers1, in light-emitting diodes, for biosensing and in photocatalysis2. A key feature in these applications is excitation from the ground state to a charge-transfer state3,4; the long charge-transfer-state lifetimes typical for complexes of ruthenium5 and other precious metals are often essential to ensure high performance. There is much interest
Development of human hematopoietic stem cells and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells/induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to hematopoietic stem cells are poorly understood. NOD (Non-obese diabetic)-derived mouse strains, such as NSG (NOD-Scid-il2Rg) or NRG (NOD-Rag1-il2Rg), are the best available models for studying the function of fetal and adult human hematopoietic cells as well as ES/
Charged Higgs bosons produced either in top-quark decays or in association with a top-quark, subsequently decaying via H± → τ±ντ, are searched for in 36.1 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. Depending on whether the top-quark produced together with H± decays hadronically or leptonically, the search targets τ+jets and τ+lepton final states, in both cas
Svensk sammanfattningAvhandlingens syfte har varit att studera utvecklingen av en könskromosom i realtid genom att simulera dess framväxt i en hermafroditisk plattmask i laboratoriet. Jag gjorde detta genom att selektera på dels honlig fitness (fitness via ägg), dels hanlig fitness (fitness via spermier) med hjälp av en genetisk markör, som agerade som en könsbestämmande gen. Detta ska efterlikna Sex chromosome evolution in a hermaphrodite ancestor starts with the establishment of a sex-determining region (SDR). Over time, sex-specific genes, and/or sexually antagonistic alleles will become linked to the SDR. Sexually antagonistic alleles are a type of genetic variation that increases fitness for one sex while being detrimental for the other sex. Recombination arrest around the SDR and gen
