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Biodiversity, and in particular plant species diversity decline is linked to landscape fragmentation and habitats loss due to land use transformations but also to decreasing dispersal vectors in the landscape. During the last 200 years the landscape has undergone dramatic changes in its structure and its habitats diversity. Among the different habitats that constitute rural landscape there are thr
Transboundary river basins provide inhabitance and water resources to millions of people around the globe and they are a source of dispute among neighbor countries also. This thesis focuses on the snow melt and runoff modeling of a small transboundary river, Talas; using a physically distributed rainfall-runoff model, TOPKAPI-ETH. Investigation on the use of remotely sensed precipitation estimates
The main goal of this research was the development of GIS and Remote Sensing based methodology for environmental monitoring of bio- restoration activities of disturbed vegetation cover along oil pipeline corridor. For the achievement of the main goal, high – resolution multispectral IKONOS and FORMOSAT satellite images acquired during vegetation peak seasons in 2007 and 2008 were processed by poly
Spatial and temporal variations in malaria transmission are naturally associated with prevailing climatic and environmental factors, for example rainfall, humidity, temperature and human activities. These factors influence malaria transmission mainly in non-deterministic ways, making them less appropriate for accurate geographical mapping of malaria risk. One distinctive phenomenon, ‘photosyntheti
Dealing with water diffuse pollution is a major problem for watershed managers. This problem raises many complicated questions, which are important to answer in order to reach water environment protection goals. This study suggested some possible answers for the country of Lithuania. Among them were the identification of critical source areas, the identification of sensitive areas and the applicat
This master thesis aims to investigate the visual characteristics of Late Bronze Age tholos tombs in the region of Messenia, Greece by comparing tholos tombs from two study areas: the Pylian hinterlands and the Soulima Valley. The study utilises cost surfaces and viewsheds created in a GIS-environment as heuristic devices to do so. With the common assumption that the tholos tombs were erected as v
Popular Summary Native forests are one of the most important natural resources in Chile and cover 13.6 million ha in Chile (18% of the country area). These forests provide a wide range of ecosystem services but have been negatively affected by drastic land-use changes. Taking into account that future climate and land-use changes will affect these ecosystems, it is important to have efficient tools
Popular science Boreal forests play an important role within the global climatic system, since they generally act as a carbon sink. However, contrary to expectations, measurements have shown that the boreal forest at the Norunda research site in Central Sweden is acting as a carbon source, i.e. emitting more of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) as taking up. Soil CO2 efflux plays an importan
Scientific summary There is a bidirectional relation between climate and vegetation distribution at local as well as global scale. Changes in climate pattern modify the terrestrial vegetation distribution that in turn affects the climate system by altering the balance of radiation, water, momentum, CO2 and other important atmospheric gases. The large-scale changes in vegetation structure and compo
A Spatial Analysis of Homicide Crime’s Distribution and Association with Deprivation in Stockholm Between 2010-2017 Homicide crimes are rare events depending on numerous factors and tend to be distributed differently based on geographic location. The use of spatial analysis is substantively important for detecting different predictors in varying geographic areas and for the diffusion process of h
A common technique within image analysis is image classification which describes the process of reducing the information content of an image into few user-defined classes. With the emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high spatial resolution (cm-level) images can be collected. This thesis aims at testing different methods for classifying UAV images from an agricultural crop site in the so
Geographical Information Systems (GISs) have shown to be of great help in the work at contaminated sites. Today there is an increase in the development of 3D modeling in many fields. However, to combine the advantage working with spatial data in a GIS and 3D modeling for subsurface soil data is limited. In this study, the possibilities of interpolating volumes of soil contamination in 3D were inve
This study makes a numeric and visual comparison of two different multibeam echo sounding (MBES) surveys performed at the exact same location, in an effort to establish how reliable and comparable the vertical depth measurements are. The horizontal position uncertainty is not issued in this study. The analysis was performed on data delivered by two survey contractors, The Norwegian Coastal Admini
Generella skatteflyktsregler, eller GAARs (general anti-avoidance rules), är legislativa åtgärder mot skatteflykt. GAARs typiska struktur består av två förutsättningar: skattebetalarens syfte och lagstiftarens syfte. Om det huvudsakliga syftet med en transaktion är att minimera skatteutgifter på ett sätt som lagstiftaren inte hade avsett får transaktionen bortses ifrån vid beskattningen. GAARs potGeneral anti-avoidance rules, or GAARs, are legislative measures against unacceptable tax avoidance. The typical structure of a GAAR refers to two prerequisites: the intent of the taxpayer and the intent of the legislator. If the main purpose of a transaction is to minimize tax expenses in a way unintended by the legislator, the transaction can be disregarded from a tax perspective. The potentiall
This study presents reconstructions of black carbon (BC), including spheroidal and amorphous carbonaceous particles (SCP and ACP), organic matter (OM; total organic carbon, TOC; total nitrogen, TN; total sulfur, TS), and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, As and Hg) in coastal sediments off the south-west coast of Sweden. Sediment records from eight stations along a north-south transect off the south-w
In order to fully understand the underlying processes of catalysis, it is vital to combine measurements of the catalyst surface, where the reaction occurs, with measurements of the gas concentration close to the catalyst. We have developed a convenient setup, which uses a single laser system to visualise the gas surrounding a working catalyst in situ at realistic operating conditions. Planar Lase
There is increasing pressure on freshwater systems due to excessive nutrient loading by anthropogenic sources. In Sweden, freshwaters have become browner due to increasing exports of organic matter from soils into streams, rivers, and lakes. This study aimed at detecting temporal patterns in Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Organic Nitrogen (TON) concentrations in 44 Swedish rivers, and to lin
The drought is a complex meteorological phenomenon associated with low precipitation and low water saturation in atmosphere, soils and plants and can has a great effect on aboveground biomass and change the structure and function of the ecosystems. The droughts also are known to reduce the primary and secondary productivity of vegetation. The Climate has high influence on vegetation productivity.
The impacts of climate change are being seen within the estuarine environment through erosion and shoreline retreat, associated with sea-level rise and changes in storm activity. Restoration oyster reefs have been identified as a working-with-nature strategy to protect and restore these shoreline environments, stabilising sediment, and reducing erosion. Despite restoration projects already being i
