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Private actions for damages for competition law infringements has been a fiercely discussed topic in the European Union for more than a decade now. It was the famous Courage v. Crehan judgment from 2001, where the Court of Justice for the first time expressly stated that ‘any individual’ has the right to claim damages for a breach of EU competition law. Following the Green Paper in 2005, in 2008 t
This report summarizes the classification systems for surface lining materials in Europe and Japan. There is also a part including a discussion on differences, similarities and possible ways to link the two different systems together. In June 1994, an important agreement was made between the member countries in the European Community. The agreement stated that all member countries should have the
Popular science summary: A growing body of evidence shows that tumors consist of rare cancer stem cells (CSCs), precursor cells and differentiated tumor cells. CSCs are today thought to be the main culprit in the tumor origin, progression, recurrence and resistance to therapy. The origin of CSC is enigmatic; however, it has been suggested that CSCs can arise from any type of cells and the underly
Denna uppsats diskuterar internprissättning, d.v.s. koncernintern gränsöverskridande handel, i ljuset av de förändringar som BEPS-projektet innebär gällande aggressiv skatteplanering och skatteerosion. Arbetet innehåller en genomgång av gällande rätt, både vad avser grunderna kring armlängdsprincipen, rättstillämpningen, samt de faktorer som styr det marknadsmässiga priset i den enskilda transaktiThis essay deals with Transfer Pricing – a field in international tax law which deals with foreign transactions between separate entities in a corporate group. The composition deals with the challenges of aggressive tax planning and base erosion, observed by the OECD in the BEPS-project, which was launched in 2013. The investigation contains a survey of existing law in respect of the arm’s length
Popular Abstract in Swedish Inom svensk mjölkproduktion förekommer en hög frekvens av belastningsbesvär. Vid jämförelser mellan manliga och kvinnliga mjölkare har det visat sig vara stora skillnader avseende besvärsförekomst. Kvinnorna har rapporterat högre frekvens av problem i nästan alla kroppsdelar jämfört med männen. Dessutom har andelen hand- och handledsbesvär visat sig vara anmärkningsvärdThe aims of the thesis were to investigate the prevalence of the upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders in female milkers in relation to other occupational groups; to clarify the relationship between disorders and work environment, psychosocial and life style factors; to compare in a prospective study, pain, ache and discomfort reported by a questionnaire with clinical symptoms and sign; to exa
Bone and soft tissue tumors (BSTT) belong to a diverse group of solid tumors of mesenchymal origin, with a large number of histological types affecting individuals of all ages. The general aim of the present thesis (Articles I-V) was to investigate in detail the genetic aberrations in selected subtypes of benign and malignant BSTT. Aberrations identified by chromosome banding analysis were studied
Popular Abstract in Swedish Bruket av slåtterängar som fodermarker har mycket gamla anor i Sverige. Slåtterängar karaktäriseras av att huvuddelen av de arter som växer här har inhemskt ursprung. De uppkom när människorna blev bofasta och klimatet så kallt att kreaturen behövde stallas under vintern (tidig Järnålder) och man därmed behövde vinterfoder till djuren. Idag är ängen en hotad biotop efteThe objectives of this thesis were to: 1) survey the vegetation in semi-natural meadows in south-central Sweden, 2) discern meadow vegetation changes in eight semi-permanent plots between studies performed in the 1960s and in 1990, 3) experimentally investigate the effects of variations in management intensity in one dry and one mesic meadow, 4) experimentally investigate the effects of different
* This workshop’s long term goal is to foster a community of Information Systems researchers and practitioners who are interested in the socio-technical perspective and see it as an important approach to improve the quality and reduce the costs of the information systems that have become an essential part of our lives in this 21st century. All communities need meeting places where they can discuss
Background Cancer is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic diseases, but data on the association between prostate cancer and thromboembolic diseases are scarce. We investigated the risk of thromboembolic disease in men with prostate cancer who were receiving endocrine treatment, curative treatment, or surveillance. Methods We analysed data from PCBaSe Sweden, a database based on the
The Varberg-Torpa charnockite-granite association (Varberg, SW Sweden) consists of the magmatic Varberg charnockite (1399 +/- 6 Ma) and the Torpa granite (1380 +/- 12 Ma). The Torpa granite is both continuous and, based on its whole-rock geochemistry, synmagmatic with the Varberg charnockite. The granite body also contains a number of charnockite inliers. P-T estimation using garnet-clinopyroxene
Motor complications in Parkinson's disease (PD) are associated with long-term oral levodopa treatment and linked to pulsatile dopaminergic stimulation. l-dopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is delivered continuously by percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube (PEG-J), which reduces l-dopa-plasma-level fluctuations and can translate to reduced motor complications. We present final results of
PURPOSE. To characterize the spectrum of mutations in the OPA1 gene in a large international panel of patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy (adOA), to improve understanding of the range of functional deficits attributable to sequence variants in this gene, and to assess any genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS. All 28 coding exons of OPA1, intron-exon splice sites, 273 bp 5' to exon 1
Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna studie handlar om sysselsättningsintegrationen av manliga och kvinnliga invandrare i Sverige mellan 1970 och 1995. Första kapitlet inleds med en översikt av teorier och tidigare studier om invandrares sysselsättning. Utifrån denna formuleras ett antal hypoteser. Det andra kapitlet ger en översikt av den svenska migrationshistorien, invandrarnas karaktäristika samt
PURPOSE: The dissertation addresses the choice of mode of transport, and the selection process, for local travel to regional rail service, with special emphasis on the significance of the bicycle. APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Choice of mode can be viewed as a 2-stage selection process in which different alternatives are rejected at different points in time. First there is a sorting amo
Popular Abstract in Swedish Variabilitet i ett läkemedels farmakokinetiska (hur ett läkemedel omsätts i kroppen) och farmakodynamiska (vilken effekt ett läkemedel har) egenskaper kan resultera i att olika individer som erhållit samma dos av ett läkemedel får olika effekter av läkemedel. Biverkningar eller utebliven effekt kan innebära allvarliga konsekvenser för den enskilda individen. VariabiliteVariability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters between individuals can be due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this thesis three different areas regarding sources of variability have been investigated. 1. Formulation properties as an extrinsic source of variability. Lipophilic substances often have poor oral bioavailability and high inter- and intraindividual variability. High
Several recent international publications (e.g. Platzack 1996, 2001; Håkansson, Pienemann & Sayehli 2002; Pienemann 1998; Pienemann & Håkansson 1999) have claimed that learners take the same developmental route in the acquisition of syntax of a second or foreign language, irrespective of their first language (L1). Targetlike verb placement in a Germanic V2 language like German, Dutch or Sw
Background: Surgical removal of the stomach (gastrectomy, Gx) induces osteopenia. In this study we compared the osteopenic effect of Gx with that induced by calcium (Ca) deficiency. Methods: Young male rats were subjected to Gx and/or low Ca diet (-Ca). A group of Gx rats received standard diet + oral Ca supplementation (+ Ca). The rats were killed at various times after the operation/start of tre
Popular Abstract in Swedish Hjärtats skrifter är en undersökning av brevet som kommunikationsform under 1700-talet. Brevkulturen i 1700-talets Tyskland betraktas som ett av startskotten för vad som brukar kallas den moderna tiden. I denna studie granskas brevkulturens funktion och betydelse för det epistemiska skifte som äger rum under senare hälften av 1700-talet. Undersökningens utgångspunkt ärThis dissertation examines the correspondence of the 18th-century German authors Anna Louisa Karsch and Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim. The main emphasis of the present study is to demonstrate how readings of Karsch's and Gleim's correspondence shed light on epistolary culture. Particular attention is paid to the notion of epistolary culture as a relatively unrestrained ?experimental setting? for bou
This thesis summarizes experimental work in which the powerful Ti:sapphire lasers at the High Power Laser Facility at the Lund Laser Centre have been employed to investigate laser-produced X-rays and relativistic channelling. These lasers produce short pulses, of the order of 50 fs, with energies ranging from 1 mJ to 1 J. Thus, the peak powers reach several terawatts and with the most powerful las
Popular Abstract in Swedish Denna studie avhandlar den internationellt välkända Brittisk-muslimska organisationen Islamic Foundation och dess nyförståelse och tillämpning av da‘wa, d.v.s. ’kallet’ eller ’inbjudan’ till islam. Da‘wa är en ungefärlig motsvarighet till de kristna missions- eller evangeliseringsbegreppen. Avhandlingen ägnar särskild uppmärksamhet åt organisationens förlagsverksamhet, This thesis deals with the conceptualisation of da‘wa, ‘the call to Islam’, of the British organisation the Islamic Foundation, and focuses its 25 years of publication of Islamic-English children’s literature. In order to analyse the implications of the new modalities of da‘wa in the late modern Muslim minority context, the present study applies a genealogical perspective. The study explores the
