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We previously showed that dietary sphingomyelin (SM) inhibited cholesterol absorption in animals. The key enzyme hydrolyzing SM in the gut is alkaline sphingomyelinase (alk-SMase, NPP7). Here using fecal dual-isotope ratio method we compared cholesterol absorption in the wild type (WT) and alk-SMase knockout (KO) mice. The animals were fed an emulsion containing (14)C-cholesterol and (3)H-sitoster

To compare the efficacy and safety of weekly albiglutide with daily sitagliptin, daily glimepiride, and placebo.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin were randomized to albiglutide (30 mg), sitagliptin (100 mg), glimepiride (2 mg), or placebo. Blinded dose titration for albiglutide (to 50 mg) and glimepiride (to 4 mg) was based on predefined hyperglycemia c

Rye products typically induce low insulin responses and appear to facilitate glucose regulation. The objective of this study was to investigate differences in postprandial glucose, insulin, and satiety responses between breads made from five rye varieties. Breads made from whole grain rye (Amilo, Rekrut, Dankowski Zlote, Nikita, and Haute Loire Pop) or a white wheat bread (WWB) were tested in a ra

Excess alcohol consumption and stress are suggested to be key elements in the development of gastrointestinal disorders (Konturek et al., 2011). Dysfunction of the small intestinal barrier function with increased permeability is a common clinical observation in patients with inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) and alcoholic liver disease (Sommansson et al., 2013b). Therapeutic administration of the

Pancreatic islet hormone secretion is central in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. During development of hyperglycaemia, the β-cell is under pressure to release more insulin to compensate for increased insulin resistance. Failure of the β-cells to secrete enough insulin results in type 2 diabetes (T2D). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules suitable for rapid regulation

Adipose tissue is necessary to harbor energy. To handle excess energy, adipose tissue expands by increasing adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia). Here, we have summarized the different experimental techniques used to study adipocyte cell size and describe adipocyte size in relation to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and diet interventions. Hypertrophic adipocytes have an impa

Impaired insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells is central in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and microRNAs (miRNAs) are fundamental regulatory factors in this process. Differential expression of miRNAs contributes to β-cell adaptation to compensate for increased insulin resistance, but deregulation of miRNA expression can also directly cause β-cell impairment during the developm

Pancreatic β-cells located within the islets of Langerhans play a central role in metabolic control. The main function of these cells is to produce and secrete insulin in response to a rise in circulating levels of glucose and other nutrients. The release of insufficient insulin to cover the organism needs results in chronic hyperglycemia and diabetes development. β-cells insure a highly specializ

Context: Autonomic nervous system activation mediates the increase in whole-body glucoseuptake in response to electroacupuncture but the mechanisms are largely unknown.Objective: To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying electroacupuncture-inducedglucose uptake in skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant overweight/obese women with andwithout polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Design/Participants:

Accelerated telomere shortening has been associated with several age-related diseases and/or decreased lifespan in humans. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is considered to be 1 of the most recognized diets for disease prevention and healthy aging, partially due to its demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties which may impact on telomere length (TL). The aim of this meta-analysi

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD) is the most common non-pulmonary co-morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), which leads to aberrant luminal fluid secretions in organs such as the lungs and pancreas. How dysfunctional CFTR leads to CFRD is still under debate. Both intrinsic effects of dysfu

Context: Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a major risk factor for the development of type 2diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Despite this, the mechanisms underlyinginsulin resistance in PCOS are largely unknown.Objective: To investigate the genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression patterns inskeletal muscle from women with PCOS and controls and relate them to

Astrocytes play an important role in glutamatergic neurotransmission, namely by clearing synaptic glutamate and converting it into glutamine that is transferred back to neurons. The rate of this glutamate–glutamine cycle (VNT) has been proposed to couple to that of glucose utilization and of neuronal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic neurotr

A single bout of electroacupuncture results in muscle contractions and increased whole body glucose uptake in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS have transcriptional and epigenetic alterations in the adipose tissue and we hypothesized that electroacupuncture induces epigenetic and transcriptional changes to restore metabolic alterations. Twenty-one women with PCOS receive

OBJECTIVE: The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) trial investigated rates of progression to diabetes among adults with prediabetes randomized to treatment with placebo, metformin, or intensive lifestyle intervention. Among women in the DPP, diabetes risk reduction with metformin was greater in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with women without GDM but with one or more

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were expected to resolve a large part of the genetic component of diabetes; yet, the single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by GWAS explain less than 20% of the estimated heritability for T2D. There was subsequently a need