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Denna artikel utgör den andra delen av två uppsatser som behandlar det patenträttsliga kravet att en patentsökt teknologi måste vara praktiskt användbar. Fokus ligger på gen- och proteinrelaterade uppfinningar. En tredje uppsats kommer att undersöka kravet på en tillräcklig beskrivning av dessa teknologier. Medan den första delen analyserade den US-amerikanska tolkningen av det särskilda ”utility”

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between technological competencies (TC) and firm performance. Theoretically, the importance of TC is well established and widely accepted. Therefore, it is surprising that a number of empirical studies have been unable to confirm a substantial positive relationship between TC and firm performance. We identify two major reasons for this: [i] affected by th

Popular Abstract in Swedish Många av cellernas reglerings-, kommunikations- och interaktionssystem styrs av kolhydrater. Dessa kolhydrater sitter ofta bundna på proteiner och bildar då så kallade makromolekyler. En sådan grupp av makromolekyler kallas för glykosaminoglykaner. I de flesta medlemmar av denna grupp sitter långa kolhydratkedjor fast på proteinet via sockret xylos, även känt som björksGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are members of a family of polysaccharide structures consisting mostly of repeating disaccharide units. Most GAGs are attached to specific serine residues in proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs and PGs show a large and diverse number of biological functions ranging from cell cycle regulation and control of formation of blood vessels to modification of tissue transp

Popular Abstract in English The potential of coconut proteins as food ingredients was studied with the aim of evaluating how plant proteins, in particular those from coconut, could find industrial applications and compete with proteins of animal origin based on meat, fish, milk or eggs. Three research directions were chosen for investigation, to evaluate how coconut proteins would perform in each At present, coconut proteins are discarded as a waste product by the coconut oil industry. If the range of applications of coconut proteins is to be expanded, their potential functionalities should be investigated. Emulsions and gels are of the greatest interest in food industry. Today the dry processing of copra at elevated temperatures is used to optimize the oil recovery. The functionalities o

This chapter provides a physical background to the following ones. It describes the particle and wave properties of light and the diffraction, polarization, refraction, reflection, and absorption of light and statistics of photon emission and absorption. Planck’s law of heat radiation is described in various mathematical and graphical ways. One section is devoted to a simplified description of the

The Tier-1 facility operated by the Nordic DataGrid Facility (NDGF) differs significantly from other Tier-1s in several aspects: firstly, it is not located at one or a few premises, but instead is distributed throughout the Nordic countries; secondly, it is not under the governance of a single organization but instead is a meta-center built of resources under the control of a number of different n

A society’s ability to anticipate disaster is a fundamental part of its resilience. The purpose of this paper is to investigate potential gaps between theory, policy and practice concerning functions for risk assessment in the governmental systems of southern African development countries, particularly Botswana and Tanzania. It applies comparative case studies with data collected in focus groups a

Sustainable development is one of the greatest global challenges facing human beings in the 21st century. In order to tackle sustainability related problems, several global, European, and national targets for 2050 have been set. The transition of supply chains activities towards sustainability targets calls for designing new strategies and continuously identifying and tackling the challenges that

This publication deals withe the tensions between socialist and feminist theories and political practices. Multisolidarity is offered as a solution to this idelogical, theoretical and political conflict.

Since software development is of a dynamic nature, the impact analysis is an inevitable work task. Traceability is known as one factor that supports this task, and several researchers have proposed traceability recovery tools to propose trace links in an existing system. However, these semi-automatic tools have not yet proven useful in industrial applications. Based on an established automation mo

This dissertation deals with physical bounds on scattering and absorption of acoustic and electromagnetic waves. A general dispersion relation or sum rule for the extinction cross section of such waves is derived from the holomorphic properties of the scattering amplitude in the forward direction. The derivation is based on the forward scattering theorem via certain Herglotz functions and their as

In this paper a new interaction measure for stable multivariablesystems is introduced.The interaction measure, the Hankel Interaction Index,is a dynamic extension of the underlying idea in the classicRelative Gain Array (RGA) and its various extensions. The new index isbased upon the Hankel normof the SISO elementary subsystems built from the original MIMOsystem. The main advantage of the Hankel I