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The oscillations between glacial and interglacial climate conditions over the past three million years have been characterized by a transfer of immense amounts of water between two of its largest reservoirs on Earth - the ice sheets and the oceans. Since the latest of these oscillations, the Last Glacial Maximum (between about 30,000 and 19,000 years ago), similar to50 million cubic kilometres of
Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated gene knockdown is a powerful tool for targeted gene silencing and an emerging novel therapeutic strategy. Recent publications, however, reported unexpected toxicity after utilizing viral-mediated shRNA knockdown in vivo. Thus, it is currently unclear whether shRNA-mediated knockdown strategy can be used as a safe and efficient tool for gene silencing. In this stu
The radiation and total efficiencies, the amount of gas radiation from vapour and carbon dioxide and contribution from convective heat transfer for different operating conditions have been measured and modelled in an industrial gas heated IR dryer. Instrumentation to facilitate the measurement of the spectral distribution of the radiation heat fluxes in industrial infrared equipment has been devel
Ontological analysis facilitates microarray data interpretation. We describe new ontological analysis methods which, unlike existing approaches, are threshold-free and statistically powerful. We perform extensive evaluations and introduce a new concept, detection spectra, to characterize methods. We show that different ontological analysis methods exhibit distinct detection spectra, and that it is
The most widely used model for rheumatoid arthritis is the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. This model has gained acceptance since it is reproducible, well defined and has proven useful for development of new therapies for rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplified by the most recent advancement using TNFalpha neutralization treatment. The collagen-induced arthritis model, however, represents o
A generally implementable method for predicting salvageability on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) would be of great clinical importance. ECG-derived Grades of Ischemia (1) have been proven useful in predicting the extent and severity of left ventricular dysfunction after anterior MI, estimating short and long-term prognosis, final infarct s
Timely regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3] abundance in cells is essential for the control of cellular homeostasis. The concentrations of these lipids are low in quiescent cells but rapidly and transiently increase following growth factor receptor (GFR) stimulation, which triggers cellular metabolic changes, pro
Under anaerobic conditions, Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses NADH-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd1p and Gpd2p) to re-oxidize excess NADH, yielding substantial amounts of glycerol. In a Δgpd1 Δgpd2 double-null mutant, the necessary NAD+ regeneration through glycerol production is no longer possible, and this mutant does not grow under anaerobic conditions. The excess NADH formed can
Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by an open mixed culture enriched in glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions with acetate as carbon source was investigated. The culture exhibited a stable enrichment performance over the 450 day operating period with regards to phenotypic behavior and microbial community structure. Candidatus Competibacter pho
Let Ω be a B-regular domain in ℂn and let V be a locally irreducible analytic variety in Ω. Given a continuous function , we prove that there is a unique maximal plurisubharmonic function u on V with boundary values given by ϕ and furthermore that u is continuous on .
Objective: Cigarette smoking has been reported as "probable" risk factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a poorly understood disease in terms of aetiology. The extensive longitudinal data of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) were used to evaluate age-specific mortality rates from ALS and the role of cigarette smoking on the risk of dying from ALS. Met
The globalization of economics, politics, and human affairs has made individuals and groups more ontologically insecure and existentially uncertain. One main response to such insecurity is to seek reaffirmation of one's self identity by drawing closer to any collective that is perceived as being able to reduce insecurity and existential anxiety. The combination of religion and nationalism is a par
This paper outlines how an understanding of the processes of building cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy is relevant to the formation of a biorefining sector. First we describe a number of theoretical insights into challenges faced by emerging industries and how these can relate to the formation of a biorefining sector. Second, we present the conduct and results of an initial exploration of u
Uniform circular arrays (UCAs) are naturally suited to provide 360 degrees of coverage in the azimuthal plane. In this paper, we describe a new approach for synthesizing array patterns with guaranteed maximum sidelobe levels for any look direction. The advantage of this approach is that it is computationally efficient which makes it eminently suitable for real-time beamforming and beamsteering app
