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Sweden, with a high level of political participation and an avant-garde position regarding internet access, broadband and social media penetration in the population, is a critical case for studying social media in relation to political participation. Three types of users – members of political parties, members of interest organizations, and non-members – are interviewed in focus groups about their

Multifunctional proteins, which play a critical role in many biological processes, have typically evolved through the recruitment of different domains that have the required functional diversity. Thus the different activities displayed by these proteins are mediated by spatially distinct domains, consistent with the specific chemical requirements of each activity. Indeed, current evolutionary theo

Cultural tourism and cultural heritage management, while distinct disciplines with differing foci, are also inherently intertwined. However, conflicts between the two often arise due to the diverse number of stakeholders and interests involved in either the travel industry or the conservation and protection of cultural heritage. Despite this, cultural tourism can greatly benefit the conservation o

Ribonucleotide reductases catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Three classes have been identified, all using free- radical chemistry but based on different cofactors. Classes I and II have been shown to be evolutionarily related, whereas the origin of anaerobic class III has remained elusive. The structure of a class III enzyme suggests a common origin for the three c

Many pathogenic bacteria utilise sialic acids as an energy source or use them as an external coating to evade immune detection. As such, bacteria that colonise sialylated environments deploy specific transporters to mediate import of scavenged sialic acids. Here, we report a substrate-bound 1.95 Å resolution structure and subsequent characterisation of SiaT, a sialic acid transporter from Proteus

Glucose oxidase has wide applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. Many recent studies have enhanced key properties of this enzyme using directed evolution, yet without being able to reveal why these mutations are actually beneficial. This work presents a synergistic combination of experimental and computational methods, indicating how mutations, even when distant from the

Charge regulation is fundamental in most chemical, geochemical, and biochemical systems. Various mineral surfaces and proteins are well-known to change their charge state as a function of the activity of the hydronium ions, that is, the pH. Besides being modulated by the pH, the charge state is sensitive to salt concentration and composition due to screening and ion correlations. Given the importa

Reaction of the new asymmetric ligand 2-(N-isopropyl-N-((1-methylimidazolyl)methyl)aminomethyl)-6-(N-carboxylm ethyl-N-((1-methylimidazolyl)methyl) aminomethyl)-4-methylphenol (ICIMP) with nickel perchlorate and diphenylacetic acid leads to the formation of tetranuclear nickel complexes, whose crystal structures reveal that they consist of dimers of dimers in which each Ni-2 unit has a coordinatio

The identification of unknown genomic flanking DNA sequences can be used for the molecular monitoring of retro-, lenti- and foamyviral integration, transgenes in early embryogenesis, insertional mutagenesis, cell fate, and stem cell plasticity. Most existing methods reflect shortcomings in sensitivity and or specificity, thus limiting genomic sequencing of unknown flanking DNA to clonal preparatio

Genome-wide association studies have revealed numerous risk loci associated with diverse diseases. However, identification of disease-causing variants within association loci remains a major challenge. Divergence in gene expression due to cis-regulatory variants in noncoding regions is central to disease susceptibility. We show that integrative computational analysis of phylogenetic conservation w

Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules that consist of long linear polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently attached to a core protein by the carbohydrate xylose. The biosynthesis of GAG chains is initiated by xylosylation of the core protein followed by galactosylation by the galactosyltransferase β4GalT7. Some β-d-xylosides, such as 2-naphthyl β-d-xylopyranoside, can induce GA