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Microcrystalline cellulose (10 g/L Avicel) was hydrolysed by two major cellulases, cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and endoglucanase II (EG II), of Trichoderma reesei. Two types of experiments were performed, and in both cases the enzymes were added alone and together, in equimolar mixtures. In time course studies the reaction time was varied between 3 min and 48 h at constant temperature (40degreesC)

Currently, most clinical range-modulated proton beams are assumed to have a fixed overall relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1. However, it is well known that the RBE increases with depth in the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) and becomes about 10% higher than mid-SOBP RBE at 2 mm from the distal edge (Paganetti 2003 Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 2 413-26) and can reach values of 1.3-1.4 in v

Conclusions. The results confirm that tumour stage influences the risk of recurrence/second primary tumour (SPT). High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected patients have a significantly higher risk of recurrence/SPT compared with high-risk HPV-negative patients. High alcohol consumption was associated with a higher risk of recurrence/SPT. In this study, the competing risk of death in intercurr

Dispersal is of prime importance for many evolutionary processes and has been studied for decades. The reproductive consequences of dispersal have proven difficult to study, simply because it is difficult to keep track of dispersing individuals. In most previous studies evaluating the fitness effects of dispersal, immigrants at a study locality have been lumped into one category and compared to ph

This thesis is based on four projects with the overall aim to investigate vitamin K-dependent protein S functions in relation to its structure. The anticoagulant functions of protein S can be divided in three: 1) cofactor for activated protein C (APC), 2) cofactor for tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and 3) APC and TFPI-independent anticoagulant functions. Microparticles might be shed from

We sought to determine the influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RANKL, RANK, and OPG on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone geometry at the radius in men. Pairwise tag SNPs (r (2) a parts per thousand yen 0.8) for RANKL (n = 8), RANK (n = 44), and OPG (n = 22) and five SNPs near RANKL and OPG strongly associated with areal BMD in genomewide association studies were pr

HIV-1 evolves constantly within an infected individual, due to its mutation-prone viral enzyme, high viral turnover and pressure from the host immune system. Therefore, viruses isolated at different time points from the same individual are never exactly the same and, accordingly, rarely function the same way. However, if we can understand how HIV-1 phenotypically evolves in the newly infected host

Bai Nuur (41 degrees 38.590'N, 114 degrees 30.922'E, similar to 1346 m a.s.l.) and Ulan Nuur (41 degrees 44.214'N, 115 degrees 05.630'E, similar to 1246 m a.s.l.) are two small lakes situated in the transition zone between semi-humid and semi-arid climate regimes that runs parallel to the present limit of the southeast monsoon along the southeastern Inner Mongolia Plateau in north China. A 215 cm-

Popular Abstract in Swedish Alla levande organismer måste kunna anpassa sig till förändringar i sin omgivning, såsom kyla, värme eller torka. Vid sådana förändringar tar enskilda celler emot signaler ifrån sin omgivning via särskilda s.k. receptorproteiner på cellytan. Receptorproteinerna skickar signalerna vidare in i cellen, där de kan ge upphov till en kedja av processer, vilka slutligen leder Phosphoinositides (PIs) play major roles in cell signal transduction. Although it is clear that PIs are important components also in plant signalling, little is known about their roles in plant cells, compared to animal cells. This thesis describes work on two PI-dependent enzymes involved in plant intracellular signalling, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and 3-phosphoinositide

This thesis presents investigations for the improvement of electrical contact and catalytical properties of two fungal redox enzymes, cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) and pyranose dehydrogenase (PDH), with electrodes and the use of the prepared electrodes as carbohydrate biosensors and in enzymatic biofuel cells. The performance of enzyme modified electrodes can be improved in two ways, by modifying

In the oxyntic mucosa of the mammalian stomach, histamine is stored in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and in mucosal mast cells. The activity of the histamine-forming enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC), is high in ECL cells but lower in the mucosal mast cells. We studied the consequences of depleting ECL-cell histamine by continuous infusion of the HDC inhibitor a-fluoromethylhistidine (a-FM

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions are being used in the mouse for basic research on Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. We set out to compare unilateral lesion models produced by intrastriatal or intramesencephalic injections of a fixed 6-OHDA concentration (3.2μg/μl) in C57BL/6 mice. In the first experiment, toxin injections were performed either at two striatal coordinates (1 or

Popular Abstract in Swedish För att skydda sig mot infektioner har människan ett välutvecklat immunförsvar. I immunförsvaret ingår många olika celler och proteiner (äggviteämnen). Till exempel finns det celler som producerar antikroppar som specifikt känner igen bakterier och virus som en människa har utsatts för vid en tidigare infektion. Det finns också speciella celler som kan fagocytera (äta uMany microorganisms have developed mechanisms to protect themselves against attack from the complement system of the host. One possible mechanism for a microorganism to evade complement attack is to bind a human complement regulator, which may allow the microorganism to down-regulate complement activation. This thesis describes studies of such interactions between human C4b-binding protein (C4BP),

1. Salmeterol is a potent, selective and long acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist. In vitro, salmeterol exerts 'reassertion' relaxation of airways smooth muscle. Reassertion relaxation refers to the capacity of salmeterol to cause repeated functional antagonism of induced contraction when airway smooth muscle is intermittently exposed to, then washed free from, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists such as

In the 2011 census of India, more than 2500 settlements have been newly inducted into the category of ‘census towns’ – the lowest size-class of urban settlements in India. This is a staggering figure in light of the observation that a comparable number constituted the total number of all urban settlements recorded since 1900. Furthermore, it has been revealed through aerial images, that a vast maj

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Venous thrombosis is a common disease annually affecting 1 in 1000 individuals. The multifactorial nature of the disease is illustrated by the frequent identification of one or more predisposing genetic and/or environmental risk factors in thrombosis patients. Most of the genetic defects known today affect the function of the natural anticoagulant pathways and in particul

Popular Abstract in Swedish Under de senaste decennierna har många ekar i Sverige och i övriga Europa uppvisat en klart försämrad hälsa och på många ställen har omfattande ekdöd förekommit. Forskning för att klarlägga orsakerna bakom ekskadorna pågår och ett flertal möjliga förklaringar har lagts fram, men ännu finns ingen lösning på gåtan. De flesta forskare anser dock att skadorna beror på komplThis thesis investigated the occurrence of soilborne species of the plant pathogenic genus Phytophthora in southern Swedish oak forests and their possible involvement in southern Swedish oak decline. The emphasis was on the impact of P. quercina on Quercus robur in acid forest soils. Several different methods, including screening for Phytophthora in oak forest soils, greenhouse experiments with se