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Changes in understory biomass, forest floor carbon (C) stock and vegetation composition were studied in six age-classes of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) and two age-classes of native birch (Betula pubescens) in Iceland. The ground vegetation was less in the larch during the thicket stage and in the old-growth birch compared to a treeless pasture. Understory biomass was strongly related to canopy
The emulsification in a high pressure homogenizer was studied using a dynamic simulation model based on the population balance equation. The model includes fragmentation, recoalescence and adsorption of macromolecular emulsifier and uses a simple flow model in order to link the hydrodynamics in the homogenizer to the three physical processes mentioned above. A computer model offers an interesting
Aim Climate is an important determinant of species distributions. We assess different aspects of risk arising from future climate change by quantifying changes in the spatial distribution of future climatic conditions compared with the recent past. Location Europe. Methods A 10' x 10' resolution gridded data set of five climate variables was used to calculate expected changes to the area, distance
Aim To assess at a broad scale the vulnerability of Mediterranean vegetation to alien plant invasion under different climatic and disturbance scenarios. Location We simulated the vegetation biogeography and dynamics on five of the main islands of the Mediterranean Basin: Mallorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Crete and Lesvos. Methods We used LPJ-GUESS, a generalized ecosystem model based on dynamic process
Monoterpenes, primarily emitted by terrestrial vegetation, can influence atmospheric ozone chemistry, and can form precursors for secondary organic aerosol. The short-term emissions of monoterpenes have been well studied and understood, but their long-term variability, which is particularly important for atmospheric chemistry, has not. This understanding is crucial for the understanding of future
This study compares the performance of different models used to assess the local wind near-surface conditions at an agricultural site in Scania, southern Sweden. The methods are: (a) the WASP model (Wind Analysis and Application Program), (b) separate linear regressions of the two wind vector components, (c) a regression model based on vector correlation, and (d) linear regression of scalar wind.
1. Species richness is influenced by local habitat features and large-scale climatic gradients. Usually, both influences are studied in isolation because of the divergent spatial scales at which they occur. Here, we compared the influence of large-scale climate and local habitat type on European ants using a continent-wide, standardised sampling programme. 2. We investigated species richness and a
The permselectivity of the parietal pleura was determined in spontaneously breathing anesthetized rabbits and dogs. In rabbits, we injected intrapleurally 5 ml of 1-g/dl albumin solution containing 100 microCi of 131I-labeled albumin plus 100 microCi of either lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alpha 2-125I-macroglobulin. Dogs received 100 ml of 1-g/dl albumin solution containing 100 microCi of 131I-a
The in-line ultrasound Doppler-based UVP-PD rheometry method was evaluated for non-invasive, real-time theological characterization of complex model- and industrial suspensions. The method is based on the combination of ultrasound velocity profile (UVP) and pressure drop (PD) measurements. Experiments were carried out in pressure driven, steady shear flow at different volumetric flow rates in a fl
The effect of water availability on stand-level productivity, transpiration, water use efficiency (WUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) is evaluated for different willow clones at stand level. The measurements were made during the growing season 2000 in a 3-year-old plantation in Scania, southernmost Sweden. Six willow clones were included in the study: L78183, SW Rapp, SW Jorunn, SW Jorr, SW T
Methods were developed for post-detection and early-warning of defoliation in Scots pine [Pinus silvestris] forests in south-eastern Norway caused by the pine sawfly [Neodiprion sertifer] with the use of multi-temporal MODIS NDVI 16-day composite data. The post-detection method utilizes summer mean values and seasonal angle (showing whether values have increased or decreased during the season) to
Mid-Cambrian biotas of the Spence, Wheeler, Marjum, and Weeks formations in Utah are exceptionally diverse. Continued collecting has produced additional trilobites here assigned to one new genus, Meniscopsia, and 25 new species. The new species, all known from complete or nearly complete dorsal exoskeletons, are Amecephalus jamisoni, Athabaskia gladei, Bolaspidella jarrardi, Bolaspidella reesae, B
We have performed a thermodynamic assessment of the As-Zn and As-Ga-Zn systems. The systems are assessed based on the CALPHAD method and using available first principles and experimental data. Using the optimized set of parameters found in this work, the calculated As-Zn binary phase diagram, isoplethal sections and the monovariants lines of the As-Ga-Zn ternary system are presented. The compariso
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of salting and different pre-salting procedures (injection and brining versus brining only) on the microstructure and water retention of heavy salted cod products. Salting resulted in shrinkage of fibre diameter and enlargement of inter-cellular space. Water was expelled from the muscle and a higher fraction became located in the extra-cellular
We present an experimental and theoretical study of 3d photoionization and subsequent Auger decay of atomic gallium. The synchrotron radiation-induced electron spectra have been compared and analysed using multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. It has been shown that the theoretically predicted photoelectron spectrum is in rather good agreement with the experiment allowing us to identify the
The gamma decays from an isomeric 10+ state at 6457 keV in the nucleus 54Ni have been identified using the GSI fragment separator in conjunction with the RISING Ge-detector array. The state is interpreted as the isobaric analog of the 6527-keV 10+ isomer in 54Fe. The results are discussed in terms of isospin-dependent shell-model calculations. Clear evidence is presented for a discrete l = 5 proto
In Kenya, the government is promoting high-value and drought resistant crop varieties in an effort to reduce poverty in rural areas. Sugar beet is one such crop. This study was conducted with two objectives: 1) to assess the opportunities and challenges for sugar beet cultivation and adoption in the Nyandarua district of Kenya and 2) to assess whether sugar beet adoption can offer an opportunity f
In recent reports, cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis has had a better long-term prognosis than previously thought. However, there may be long-term problems that have not attracted enough attention. The aim of this chapter is to examine the literature for studies reporting long-term prognosis and outcome after cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis. The long-term prognosis after cerebral vein and sinu
The far-infrared spectra of solid orthodeuterium and solid normal deuterium are presented and compared to the corresponding spectra of solid parahydrogen and solid normal hydrogen. Spectra of water in orthodeuterium are compared to spectra of water in parahydrogen. The water rotation constants in orthodeuterium are approximately 80% of the rotation constants of water in parahydrogen. The S(0)(0) b
