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This paper explores a new method for evaluating the cost of verifying a contract. We relate these costs to the number of computations an algorithm needs to check that a contract satisfies certain criteria. Two different criteria that facilitate enforcement of the contract are studied. Our findings indicate bounds on the computational costs as the size of the contract grows. If each computation cos
This paper proposes a simple residual-based panel CUSUM test of the null hypothesis of cointegration. The test has a limiting normal distribution that is free of nuisance parameters, it is robust to heteroskedasticity and it allows for mixtures of cointegrated and spurious alternatives. Our Monte Carlo results suggest that the test has small-size distortions and reasonable power. In our empirical
Mitigation of vasomotor symptoms and urogenital problems, along with reductions in osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, provides the rationale for using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and the duration of use. However, user surveys have indicated poor compliance with HRT, and that means user time may be less than 12 months, a period unlikely to influence metabolic disorders. The main reason
We have measured the absolute average photon flux, the spectral characteristics, and the time structure of x rays emitted from Ar clusters which were irradiated by a 100 fs laser with an intensity of 10(17) W/cm(2). The measured photon flux was 10(7) photons per shot in the K-alpha (at 3 keV) line in a 4 pi sr solid angle. The temporal structure was measured using a streak camera with a 10 ps time
The mechanisms driving the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody repertoires are a matter of debate. Alternatives to the classical view on antibody development, involving somatic mutation and antigen-driven selection of high-affinity variants in germinal centers, have been proposed. Methods: We have re-analyzed the pattern of mutations in previously isolated and characterized human clonal
A level crossing predictor is a predictor process $Y(t)$, possibly multivariate, which can be used to predict whether a specified process $X(t)$ will cross a predetermined level or not. A natural criterion on how good a predictor is, can be the probability that a crossing is detected a sufficient time ahead, and the number of times the predictor makes a false alarm. If $X$ is Gaussian and the proc
