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Molecular motors of the cell are protein-based, nanoscale machines, which use a variety of strategies to transduce chemical energy into mechanical work in the presence of a large thermal background. The design and construction of artificial molecular motors is one approach to better understand their basic physical principles. Here, we propose the concept of a protein-based, burnt-bridges ratchet,
Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) was initially developed to treat bleeding episodes in patients with congenital haemophilia and inhibitors. The story of its development began in the 1970s, when FVIIa was identified as one of the activated coagulation factors that has minimal potential for inducing thromboembolic side-effects. Extensive research over the last 30 years has greatly increased
Streptomyces cells grow by building cell wall at one pole-the hyphal tip. Although analogous to hyphal growth in fungi, this is achieved in a prokaryote, without any of the well-known eukaryotic cell polarity proteins, and it is also unique among bacterial cases of cell polarity. Further, polar growth of Streptomyces and the related mycobacteria and corynebacteria is independent of the MreB cytosk
This paper presents the design of a two-step process in which the first step is PEGylation of a protein, and the second step is chromatographic purification of the target mono-PEGylated protein from the unreacted and the di-PEGylated impurities. The difference between optimizing each process step separately and optimizing them simultaneously is studied. It was found that by optimizing the steps si
Increased recirculation of process water has given rise to problems with formation of calcium oxalate incrusts (scaling) in the pulp and paper industry and in forest biorefineries. The potential in using oxalate decarboxylase from Aspergillus niger for oxalic acid removal in industrial bleaching plant filtrates containing oxalic acid was examined and compared with barley oxalate oxidase. Ten diffe
In the past years, research on military applications of neuroscience has grown in sophistication. We may expect that future neuroweapons will be advertised as resting on the most objective form of human cognition, leading to greater accuracy in targeting and better compliance with the law than traditional weapons. Are states using weapon systems that draw on neuroscience capable of applying IHL to
We study localization, urbanization and Jacobs’ externality effects on plant survival in Sweden (1970–2004). We focus on two questions: (i) do agglomeration externalities change with the age of plants? and (ii) what is the role of technological relatedness among local industries? We find that agglomeration externalities affect survival chances of plants. This effect, however, differs between corpo
Popular Abstract in Swedish Ett nytt EU-direktiv om uttjänta fordon har nyligen antagits. Direktivet kräver att från och med 2006 skall 85% av bilens vikt återvinnas och 95% från och med år 2015. Idag återvinns cirka 80%. Bildemonteringsindustrin har valts som studieobjekt i denna avhandling. De höjda återvinningskraven förväntas leda till att bildemonteringsindustrin genomgår omfattande rationaliA new EU directive on used vehicles has recently been introduced. It demands that for every scrapped car, at least 85% by weight must be recycled by the year 2006 and 95% by 2015. The current level is about 80%. The car disassembly industry was chosen as the study object of this thesis. Due to the increased demands on recycling, the disassembly industry may undergo comprehensive rationalizations a
The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system in plants possesses a variety of alternative pathways that decrease respiratory ATP production. These alternative pathways are mediated by three classes of bypass proteins: the type II NAD(P) H dehydrogenases (which circumvent complex I of the electron transport chain), the alternative oxidases (AOXs; which circumvent complexes III and IV) and the
Dose calculations for treatment planning of photon beam radiotherapy require a model of the beam to drive the dose calculation models. The beam shaping process involves scattering and filtering that yield radiation components which vary with collimator settings. The necessity to model these components has motivated the development of multisource beam models. We describe and evaluate clinical photo
Collagen XVI is a minor component of at least two different extracellular fibrillar networks of specialized regions of skin and cartilage. In skin, collagen XVI is integrated into particular fibrillin-rich microfibrils lacking an amorphous elastin core. In cartilage, collagen XVI is a component of small heterotypic D-banded fibrils, mainly occurring in the territorial matrix of chondrocytes. Here,
The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of cells transduced with human beta-defensins (HBDs) to express antimicrobial peptides, since sufficient expression level is required for effective antimicrobial activity. Retroviral vector pBabeNeo and lentiviral vector SIN18cPPTRhMLV (SIN18) carrying HBDs were utilized to transduce non-HBD-expressing cells such as fibroblasts or HBD-produci
The solubility of tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in water and phosphoric acid is reported. Equilibration is achieved by circulating the solutioin through PVC pieces saturated with the absorbed amine in a glass tube. The dissolved TOA is determined by capillary gas chromatography which can detect amine concentrations down to 10 μg l−1. The solubility of TOA in water is 0.039 mg l−1 and in 5.5 M phosphoric
How can tools help structure tasks to make them cognitively easier to perform? How do artefacts, and our strategies for using them, develop over time in cognitively beneficial ways? These are two of the main questions that are explored in the five papers collected in this thesis. The first paper details an ethnographic study conducted on people cooking in their homes. The study is a first pass ov
Co(II) adsorption at ZnO- and ZnS-aqueous interfaces was studied with the XAFS technique. The results show the presence of both 4- and 6-coordinated oxygen-ligated Co(II) on ZnO, corresponding to Co-O distances of 1.95 and 2.1 Angstrom, respectively. At ZnS two Co-O distances are also indicated and a Co-S correlation at 2.36 Angstrom is revealed. Higher shell analysis indicates a fraction of biden
The use of membrane-based extractions are increasingly seen as offering an alternative to conventional sample preparation procedures in analysis of chemical species in both food and agricultural samples. In this article, emphasis is placed on the attractiveness of membrane based extraction techniques to a variety of food and agricultural samples such as circulating nutrient solutions, fruit juices
We have analysed 994 sites for oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes located within human chromosome bands. The data presented disclose that: 1) These cancer genes build ridges as well as hot spots, which are not related to the position of other types of genes present in these chromosomes. 2) The frequency of cancer genes is not directly related to chromosome length, to the number of DNA bases per
