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The spatial extent of ecological processes has consequences for the generation of ecosystem services related to them. However, management often fails to consider issues of scale when targeting ecological processes underpinning ecosystem services generation. Here, we present a framework for conceptualizing how the amount and spatial scale (here discussed in terms of extent) of management interventi
The trigeminal ganglion plays a key role in primary headache pathophysiology. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptors are expressed in trigeminal neurons that form C-fibers and A-fibers, respectively. In acute migraine and cluster headache attacks, there is release of CGRP into the cranial venous outflow. In addition, intravenous CGRP can induce migraine-like symptoms in migraine
Educational homogamy has been increasing for a long time in the Western world but there has been much more research on describing and explaining this trend than actually looking at its consequences. Economic theory predicts that educational heterogamy is related to division of labor in accordance with comparative advantages in household and market production, but there has been few tests of this h
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) confers a risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life, but the risk of developing type 1 diabetes is also increased. In this study we have evaluated the clinical use of C-peptide and β-cell specific autoantibodies during pregnancy with GDM as predictors for later development of diabetes. C-peptide levels were measured 2 hours after glucose intake in pregn
Efficient methods for the synthesis of C2-symmetric dimers of salinomycin joined at either the C1 or C20 positions are reported. Similarly to the native structure, the C20-O-terephthalate dimer displayed activity in the low μM range against a series of cancer cell lines, while dimers joined at the C1 position were essentially inactive.
Vacuum impregnation (VI) is a unit operation that allows the introduction of solutions into the porous structure of plant tissues. The plant tissue is immersed in the solution of interest and is then subjected to partial vacuum, causing the removal of air from the tissue. When the atmospheric pressure is restored, the solution is drawn into the tissue, replacing the air. In this way, most of the a
This review article examines the differences in the approaches taken by economists and historians when interpreting social and economic change in the African past. It is argued that it is a mistake to assume that one discipline has supremacy over the other, let alone monopoly, when it comes to evaluating historical causes of African poverty. One of the shortcomings of the ‘New African Economic His
There is a growing trend to involve citizens in city development to make urban areas more sustainable and livable. The urban living labs approach offers a way to foster new collaborative, trans-disciplinary ways of thinking in urban planning and development, and provides a real-world testing ground for urban innovation and transformation. This handbook aims to bring open innovation and co-creation
Introduction: The constant challenge to restore sensory feedback in prosthetic hands has provided several research solutions, but virtually none has reached clinical fruition. A prosthetic hand with sensory feedback that closely imitates an intact hand and provides a natural feeling may induce the prosthetic hand to be included in the body image and also reinforces the control of the prosthesis. A
Although previous studies have shown that image production and visibility are central aspects of knowledge work, the assumption has been that this aspect of work is focused externally to support the organizational image and or uphold relationships with clients. In contrast, this paper explores the politics of knowledge work internally by focusing on how entrepreneurial employees in innovative know
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are tetrameric ligand gated ion channels that mediate in ux and ef ux of metal ions in response to glutamate. Positive allosteric modulators of the ionotropic glutamate receptor 2 (GluA2) are promising lead compounds for drugs against cognitive disorders. These compounds bind within the dimeric interface formed by the receptor ligand binding domains (LBDs) attenuatin
TheEl Niño SouthernOscillation(ENSO) isEarth's dominant source of interannual climate variability, but its response to globalwarming remainshighly uncertain1.To improve ourunder standing of ENSO's sensitivity to external climate forcing, it is paramount to determine its past behaviour by using palaeoclimate data and model simulations. Palaeoclimate records show that ENSO has varied considerably si
Owing to its diagenetic instability, aragonite is rare in the geological record and almost entirely absent from pre-carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The former presence of this mineral in older deposits has to be inferred from petrographic, chemical or isotopic proxies. Crystals of aragonite that formed around 4563 million years ago occur in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, showing that under ce
We have studied the effects of cytokines, separately or in combination, on the production of proteoglycans in confluent cultures of fibroblasts. The cytokines used were the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), the platelet derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), the platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF). Hyaluronan production increased in cells treate
There is considerable pressure to define the key requirements of 5G, develop 5G standards, and perform technology trials as quickly as possible. Normally, these activities are best done in series but there is a desire to complete these tasks in parallel so that commercial deployments of 5G can begin by 2020. 5G will not be an incremental improvement over its predecessors; it aims to be a revolutio
Genetic polymorphisms are powerful model systems to study the maintenance of diversity in nature. In some systems, polymorphisms are limited to female coloration; these are thought to have arisen as a consequence of reducing male mating harassment, commonly resulting in negative frequency-dependent selection on female color morphs. One example is the damselfly Ischnura elegans, which shows three f
