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With growing traffic demands, transportation networks become more and more congested and prone to disruptions. In this paper, we study how different perturbations affect the free flow equilibria, i.e., equilibria where no congestion effects are present, in transportation networks. More specifically, if and when the equilibrium of the perturbed dynamics is still in free flow. A generalized cell tra
It is possible to use the chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago to catalyse the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in predominantly organic media, even at water activities below 1.0, if the oxidant is tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The enzyme activity increased with increasing water activity and no enzyme activity was observed at water activities below 0.6. Hydrophobic solvents such as cy
Lipases were investigated with respect to their ability to catalyse the incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine (PC) by interesterification reactions. The enzymes were dried onto solid support materials and the conversions were carried out in water-saturated toluene. Three lipases (two fungal and one plant enzyme) had the desired activity; immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozy
Biocatalytic systems using enzymes in organic solvents open up the possibility of performing a whole range of reactions which would not normally occur under physiological conditions. The ability to perform reverse hydrolysis, or to convert substances relatively insoluble in aqueous environments on a scale of practical value in commercial applications are among those reactions for which water-poor
11 amino acid derivatives were tested as α-chymotrypsin substrates in the esterification reaction with methanol in organic media. The reactions were carried out in water-saturated ethyl acetate and in acetonitrile containing 4% water. α-Chymotrypsin adsorbed on Celite was used as a catalyst. From initial reaction rate measurements, the Michaelis-Menten parameters Vmax and KM were determine. All th
Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of repair in a cohort of conventionally treated patients with early rheumatoid arthritis over 8 years.Methods. There were 395 patients included in the BARFOT study having radiographs of hands and feet at inclusion, and at 1, 2, 5, and 8 years, which were chronologically scored for erosions by the Sharp/van der Heijde method. An erosion
Abstract Abiotic environmental factors play a fundamental role in determining the distribution, abundance, and adaptive diversification of species. Empowered by new technologies enabling rapid and increasingly accurate examination of genomic variation in populations, researchers may gain new insights into the genomic background of adaptive radiation and stress resistance. We investigated genomic v
The structure and chemical state of supported Pd nanoparticles in contact with H 2 in the aqueous phase have been explored by X-ray absorption spectroscopy to better understand their surface reactivity in polar condensed media. The Pd-Pd distances at substantial H 2
The ultrafast relaxation of aqueous iron(II)-tris(bipyridine) upon excitation into the singlet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band ( 1MLCT) has been characterized by femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion and transient absorption (TA) studies. The fluorescence experiment shows a very short-lived broad 1MLCT emission band at ∼600 nm, which decays in ≤20 fs, and a weak emission at ∼660 nm, which we
We investigated the photoluminescence properties of near-stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals doped with Tb only and double doped with Tb and Fe. Excitation spectra for the emission from the 5D4 state in both crystals have been studied in the range 200-500 nm. We observed two broad ultraviolet absorption bands and discussed their relations to Tb ions. Temperature dependence of the 5D4 emission intensity
Two groups of normal subjects were submitted to repeated automated static threshold perimetry. Perimetric results were strongly affected by the level of experience in some subjects; in the majority, however, the effect of experience was small. Initial field tests often showed high numbers of depressed points. Sensitivity increased with perimetric training, particularly between the first sessions.
