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beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) was found to interact with many group A streptococcal strains. The interaction appeared to require multipoint attachment, since monomeric beta 2m in solution showed no binding, whereas both beta 2m monomers bound to liposomes, and beta 2m in aggregates showed affinity for the bacteria. Aggregated HLA antigens (-A, -B and -C) and aggregated beta 2m exhibited the same

The nonobese diabetic mouse is highly susceptible not only to diabetes but to several autoimmune diseases, and one might suspect that these are controlled by a shared set of genes. However, based on various gene-segregation experiments, it seems that only a few loci are shared and that each disorder is influenced also by a unique set of genes.

Popular Abstract in Swedish Tunnelbygget genom Hallandsåsen har utvecklats på ett sådant sätt och fått sådana konsekvenser, att frågan hur projektet skall förstås och förklaras är viktig. Vill man studera vilka mekanismer i samhället som kan förhindra projektets förlopp eller dess konsekvenser, bör man först förstå projektet. Matthias Baiers bok handlar om hur man med normer kan förstå och beskrivIn 1992 Swedens biggest tunnelproject begun. Two 8.5 km tunnels should cross a big ridge in southern Sweden which was seen as an obstacle to a fast and efficient railway line connecting Oslo and Gothenburg with Malmö and Copenhagen. However, the project had to stop in 1997 due to environmental damages. With only a third of the tunnel accomplished, the project was also much delayed and had a heavy

Gm allotypes are genetic variants of the immunoglobulin heavy G chains (IGHG) of IgG molecules, coded from chromosome 14q32, characterized by differences in amino acid epitopes of the constant heavy G chains and inherited in the Mendelian manner. Gm allotypes have influence on IgG subclass levels, and serum Gm allotype levels have been given for different Gm genotypes in adults. Four hundred and t

Deficiency of complement components within the classical pathway is associated with increased risk for immune complex disease. However, C2-deficient individuals often have a mild disease and about 50% are healthy. To study the importance of the different components for immune complex clearance, bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA complexes were opsonized in human serum and the binding to erythrocy

Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY)-containing sequences and thereby mediate their association to ligands. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase, in which mutations cause a hereditary immunodeficiency disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Mutations have been found in all Btk domains, including SH2, We have analyzed the structural and

Epitopes found on Mucin-1 are differentially expressed on tumour versus normal tissue. Such epitopes have also been shown to have a potential in immunotherapy and tumour detection. The major epitope explored in this context is located within the variable number of tandem repeats. It has however recently been demonstrated that this epitope exists in several sequence variants. The standard sequence

IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with stimulatory and inhibitory properties, and is thought to have a protective role in rheumatoid arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this study, we investigated how IL-10 deficiency affects CIA and anti-collagen type II (CII) Ab-transferred arthritis in C57BL/10.Q (B10.Q) mice. The B10.Q.IL-10(-/-) mice had an 8-cM 129/Ola fragment around the IL-10

Southern Sweden is an area of Lyme borreliosis (LB) endemicity, with an incidence of 9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The most frequent clinical manifestations are erythema migrans (77%) and neuroborreliosis (16%). There was no record of human Borrelia strains being isolated front patients in this region before the prospective study reported here. Borrelia spirochetes were isolated from skin and c

n this study, we show that costimulation required for mucosal IgA responses is strikingly different from that needed for systemic responses, including serum IgA. Following oral immunization with cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant we found that whereas CTLA4-H{gamma}1 transgenic mice largely failed to respond, CD28-/- mice developed near normal gut mucosal IgA responses but poor serum Ab responses. The lo

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading microbes. Its specificity relies a great deal on host pattern recognition molecules that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns of the invading pathogen. However, full protection is not always guaranteed, and some early defense mechanisms involved in bacterial killing, such as the complement system, can also exert cytolyt

BK virus associated nephropathy occurs in approximately 5% of renal transplant recipients. Quantitation of BKV DNA in serum/plasma early in the course of disease has been suggested to be an important diagnostic tool for polymavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). The aim of this study was to develop a BKV real-time PCR (qPCR), which could be included in a diagnostic qPCR platform. Additionally, the

The biological hierarchy of genes, cells, organisms and societies is a fundamental reality in the living world. This hierarchy of entities did not arise ex nihilo at the origin of life, but rather has been serially generated by a succession of critical events known as evolutionary transitions in individuality' (ETIs). Given the sequential nature of ETIs, it is natural to look for candidates to for

This paper proposes a binary response model approach to measure and forecast extreme downside risks in Asia-Pacific markets given information on extreme downside risks in the U.S. and Japanese markets. The extreme downside risk of a market is measured as the occurrence of extreme downside movement—market returns falling below left-tail Value at Risk in a Markov switching framework. The empirical f

Increasing resistance to antibiotics makes antimicrobial peptides interesting as novel therapeutics. Here, we report on studies of the peptide NLF20 (NLFRKLTHRLFRRNFGYTLR), corresponding to an epitope of the D helix of heparin cofactor II (HCII), a plasma protein mediating bacterial clearance.

The intestinal mucosa is exposed to large amounts of foreign antigen (Ag) derived from commensal bacteria, dietary Ags, and intestinal pathogens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be involved in the induction of tolerance to harmless Ags and in mounting protective immune responses to pathogens and, as such, to play key roles in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis. The characterization of