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We consider the decoding of LDPC codes in presence of non-Gaussian noise, especially a set of ¿-mixture models. For each of these models, the optimal LLRs are presented. We study the performance degradation due to the use of incorrect LLR in presence of a given noise model. Without modifying the existing LDPC decoder, we propose robust initial LLR which require minimum knowledge about the underly
Ion beam methods are used to analyse material (Ion Beam Analysis, IBA) and to modify the target (Ion Beam Modification of Materials, IBMM). In this thesis, ion beams have been used in various IBA techniques to investigate the surface nanometre structures, and also in an ion beam synthesis (IBS) technique to form thin films and to modify material properties. The work is divided into two main parts:
Popular Abstract in Swedish I slutet av 1800-talet gjordes upptäckten att atomer bara kan ta upp eller sända ut ljus med vissa våglängder. Denna egenskap beror på att elektronerna endast kan befinna sig i ett av flera diskreta energitillstånd. Man säger att elektronerna är kvantiserade. Kvantiseringen är en effekt av att elektronerna i en atom tvingas hålla sig inom en mycket liten volym. Ju mindrIn this thesis, spectroscopic studies of quantum wells (QWs), quantum wires (QWRs) and quantum dots (QDs) in III-V semiconductors are presented. The electronic structure of these low-dimensional structures have been studied by absorption, photocurrent, electroreflectance, photoluminescence (PL), and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy. The band alignment of GaAs pseudomorphically grow
In recent years, language contacts have been considered one of the main causes for language change (Heine and Kuteva 2005, 2006), and this is also the case in English. However, English has gone through a range of contacts including a mutually intelligible language, e.g., Old Norse, and various dialects. In the context of English, French does not form a similar kind of contact, since it was spoken
In order to produce good decisions, an efficient foundation for decision-making has to exist. This article shows the importance of formal as well as informal structures in order to make the decisions within GMES Advisory Council efficient.
Background. It is expected that fuel cells will play a significant role in a future sustainable energy system, due to their high energy efficiency and possibility to use renewable fuels. Fuels, such as biogas, can be produced locally close to the customers. The improvement for fuel cells during the last years has been fast, but the technology is still in the early phases of development, however th
In an intermedial reading of Astrid Lindgren’s oeuvre, Astrid Lindgren's World is not only analyzed as an ideal case of transmediality or remediation, but also as a modern form of a Total work of art. In doing so, the history of the genre ' total work of art' is discussed by broadening the common aesthetic point-of-view with angles from economy and advertising.
Unsupported vanadium antimonate catalysts with Sb/V ratios of 1 and 5 and samples with the latter ratio supported on alumina were studied in toluene and propane ammoxidation to benzonitrile and acrylonitrile, respectively, and were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis before and after catalytic tests. Activity data for toluene ammoxidation suggest that excess antimony w
Scholars of European fable history over and over again have returned to the question of a possible death of the Aesopic genre. Arguments have been brought forward in accordance with mainly two opposing views. On the one hand, it has been claimed that the fable genre towards the end of the eighteenth century reached a stage of crisis and, more or less, perished. On the other hand, it has been asser
The preferred treatment of choice in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is usually transurethral resection followed by cystectomy, with neoadjuvant chemotherapy being a second option. As the treatment is associated with relevant side effects, a great effort is being made to improve the selection of patients, with molecular subtyping being one of the main strategies. Our aim was to develop an im
The chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) was characterized at the Villum Research Station (Villum) at Station Nord in North Greenland during spring-summer 2016 using a Time of Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM). The composition is dominated by sulfate (48%) and organic species (40%). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified three key factors co
Coal is used to generate electricity and produce high-value chemicals through coal gasification, liquefaction, and coke. During combustion sulfur is released, which leads to acid rain formation. Mineral matter present in coal is undesirable because it causes technological problems such as corrosion of equipment and reduction of overall rate of combustion of coal. Also, after combustion, the minera
Despite their simplicity, networks of coupled phase oscillators can give rise to intriguing collective dynamical phenomena. However, the symmetries of globally and identically coupled identical units do not allow solutions where distinct oscillators are frequency-unlocked - a necessary condition for the emergence of chimeras. Thus, forced symmetry breaking is necessary to observe chimera-type solu
Over the past three decades, the development of 3D printing has accelerated rapidly. In considering theories about the economic impact of disruptive technologies, this paper addresses how 3D printing has attracted unprecedented attention from various public and private stakeholders with signs that it will be a major driver of the next economic wave. Outlining the major changes that 3D printing has
INTRODUCTION: Collagenous colitis (CC) is a common cause of chronic diarrhea and is characterized by a subepithelial thickened collagen layer in the colonic mucosa. It shares many of the characteristics found in autoimmune diseases, but no autoantibodies have been identified. In CC, an imbalance in collagen turnover is evident. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether any collag
