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Emissions of greenhouse gases in many European countries are declining, and the European Union (EU) believes it is on track in achieving emission reductions as agreed upon in the Kyoto Agreement and the EU's more ambitious post-Kyoto climate policy. However, a number of recent publications indicate that emission reductions may also have been achieved because production has been shifted to other co

The phylogeny of the lichen family Candelariaceae was investigated using nucleotide sequences from the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. 23 species of Candelariella, 6 species of Candelaria, 2 species of Candelina and 2 species of Placomaronea were included in the study. Acarospora cervina and Pleopsidium chlorophanum were used as outgroup species. The phylogenetic analysis were performed u

The complex between calmodulin and the calmodulin-binding portion of smMLCKp has been studied. Electrostatic interactions have been anticipated to be important in this system where a strongly negative protein binds a peptide with high positive charge. Electrostatic interactions were probed by varying the pH in the range from 4 to 11 and by charge deletions in CaM and smMLCKp. The change in net cha

Background: Many studies have been conducted on the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of foetal CNS-malformations. These studies were mostly hospital-based or, sometimes, multicentre studies. We present here a population-based study of the prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida in Sweden over a period of 31 years. Methods: We compared the number of newborns with spina bifida and the elective t

The performance of a miniaturized sample processing platform for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), manufactured by silicon microfabrication, called integrated selective enrichment target (ISET) technology was evaluated in a biological context. The ISET serves as both sample treatment device and MALDI-MS target, and contains an array of 96 perforated nanovial

We demonstrate the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) to make quantitative measures of total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC) and biogenic silica (BSi) concentrations in sediment. FTIRS is a fast and cost-effective technique and only small sediment samples are needed (0.01 g). Statistically significant models were developed using sediment samples from northern

In this book, ten doctoral students share and discuss a number of metho- dological concerns they have faced in the process of doing research. In the first part, “Capturing the field,” the contributors grapple over issues regarding how to define and demarcate the field of research, for instance in studies on immigrant organizations, red light districts on the Internet, and telephone interviewing. I

In the last years there has been an increasing interest among scholars in what is typically Swedish and what is characteristic for a Swede. A typical question would be: what constitutes a Swede? There are various reasons for this growing interest. One of them is the increasing, permanent and progressively more marked appearance of immigrants in Sweden. In this text I will discuss the concepts ethn

A 2D numerical study of the damage accumulation at the root of a Powder Metallurgy (PM) manufactured gear wheel subjected to frequent overloads, i.e. low cycle fatigue loading, has been performed. The initial porosity distribution of the gear was obtained from a 3D simulation of double action compaction of the gear. The porosity distributions over the centre plane and at the surface were transferr

The bismuth spectrum emitted from a hollow cathode discharge has been recorded with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). Accurate wavelengths have been determined for 104 lines, and several new energy levels have been found, while the accuracy of previously known level energies have been improved. The hyperfine structure of all observed lines has been analyzed, yielding hyperfine constants A an

The heat transfer from turbulent diffusion flames between vertical walls has been computed for different wall and burner configurations. The buoyancy-modified k- model was used to study the turbulent characteristics of the flow. The flamelet concept, coupled to a prescribed probability density function, was employed to model the nonpremixed combustion process. With the nucleation, surface growth,

The In 3d(5/2) photoelectron spectroscopy peak has been widely used to determine the interface structures of In-containing III-V device materials (e.g., oxidation states). However, an unclear parameter affecting the determination of the energy shifts and number of the core-level components, and therefore, the interpreted interface structure and composition, is still the intrinsic In 3d(5/2) peak l

Radionuclide imaging of cardiac function represents a number of well-validated techniques for accurate determination of right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and LV volumes. These first European guidelines give recommendations for how and when to use first-pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography, gated myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, gated PET, and studies with

Homelessness as a political and social dominion has a number of features that make it particularly difficult to tackle. In addition to being a wicked problem, homelessness offers several analytical avenues. How do these characteristics affect the evaluation of programmes and projects aspiring to combat homelessness? Dissimilar pictures and solutions regarding homelessness in the US and in European

A large number of literatures and practitioners have investigated the relationship between social associations and the aggregate economic performance. Most of the studies have confirm the positive effect of social associations on economic performance in the democratic world. However, even though the social organization in China has been in rapid development, similar studies concerning China remain

Just nu utreds möjligheten för en person att få vittna anonymt i Sverige. Detta på grund av att fler ska våga vittna, framförallt i mål som rör organiserad brottslighet där hotbild från kriminella gäng kan förekomma. Denna uppsats ämnar utreda hur anonyma vittnen påverkar rättssäkerheten med utgångspunkt i kontradiktionsprincipen som är en av de äldsta processrättsliga principer som finns. Detta Right now, the possibility for a person to testify anonymously in Sweden is being investigated. This is because more people must dare to testify, especially in cases related to organized crime, where threats from criminal gangs can occur. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how anonymous witnesses influence the legal security on the basis of the adversarial principle, which is one of the

The overall purpose of this essay is to evaluate Swedish implementation strategies for the Sustainable Development Goals by comparing it to a norm of a democratic process. Goal number 17 – A global partnership - calls for an expansion of Public-Private parnerships as the new key implementation strategy. In practice, this means that state actors, civil society and enterprises are now viewed as more

Measurements of luminosity obtained using the ATLAS detector during early running of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at root s = 7 TeV are presented. The luminosity is independently determined using several detectors and multiple algorithms, each having different acceptances, systematic uncertainties and sensitivity to background. The ratios of the luminosities obtained from these methods are moni

Gate-defined quantum point contacts (QPCs) were fabricated with Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures grown by metal organic chemical Vapor deposition (MOCVD). In the transport study of the Zeeman effect, greatly enhanced effective g factors (g*).were obtained. The in-plane g* is found to be 5.5 +/- 0.6, 4.8 0.4, and 4.2 0.4 for the first to the third subband, respectively. Similarly, the out-of-plan