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Rwanda is endeavouring to deal with its evil past of internal war and genocide to enable a peaceful future. Conflicts between Tutsis and Hutus dominate the Rwandan history. An estimated one million persons were massacred during the 1994 genocide directed against Tutsis and moderate Hutus. Those who survived suffer from physical and psychological wounds. This is equally true for the survivors of wa
In theory, a perfectly competitive market is a market where there are many suppliers of products, their products are substitutable, all suppliers are price-takers and not price-makers, and there are no significant barriers to market entry. The opposite of perfect competition is total market domination, or monopoly. That is a market where there is only one supplier of products and where significant
Den processuella editionsplikten är ett av de processmedel som står till parternas förfogande i det dispositiva tvistemålsförfarandet. Syftet med editionsplikten är att tillförsäkra att all bevisning i ett mål presenteras för rätten så att denna kan nå en juridiskt korrekt slutprodukt i målet. Genom praxis har fastslagits att begreppet skriftlig handling även omfattar en datalagrad handling, trotThe production of documents is one of the procedural instruments available for parties in Civil procedures. Obliging parties to produce documents ensures that the court can come to a correct decision in light of all relevant evidence. The caselaw has defined the term “document” so as to include electronically stored data, even if no printout exists at the time of the demand of production. Contempo
Redan vid en flyktig granskning går det att skönja en klar tendens att alternativa tvistlösningsmetoder förordas allt mer hos lagstiftaren och i den juridiska diskursen i stort. Inom domstolsprocessen finns två alternativa förfaranden som båda syftar till att främja en samförståndslösning mellan parterna. Ett av dessa är att domaren ska när det är lämpligt försöka förmå parterna att förlikas. DomaEven at a brief examination it is possible to notice a clear trend in favour of alternative dispute resolutions advocated increasingly by the legislature and in the legal discourse in general. Within the judicial process there are two alternative procedures who both aim to promote a solution based on conciliation between the parties. One of these procedures consists of that the judge has an obliga
Institutet fusioner är en typ av sammanslagningar av företag. Den här uppsatsen tar sikte på den typen av sammanslagningar som definieras som fusioner enligt svensk inkomstskatterätt. Fusioner är enligt Inkomstskattelag (1999:1229) IL ombildningar där samtliga tillgångar och skulder och andra förpliktelser hos ett företag ska tas över av ett annat företag och det överlåtande företaget ska upplösasThe institute of mergers is a certain way of restructuring companies. This thesis aims to discuss mergers that are captured by the State Income Tax Act (SITA). Mergers are according to SITA restructurings, where all assets and liabilities and other obligations, belonging to one company are being transferred to another company and the transferring company is dissolved without liquidation. The frame
Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda hur och när bestämmelsen om psykisk störning som förmildrande omständighet – 29 kap. 3 § 1 st. 2 p. BrB – tillämpas. Uppsatsen utgår huvudsakligen ifrån en rättsfallsundersökning omfattande 24 avgöranden från tidsperioden 2007-2011. För att ge en heltäckande bild av bestämmelsen redogörs i avsnitt tre till fem för hur psykiskt störda har behandlats av rättsväsThis thesis aims at investigating how and when the provision in the Swedish penal code regarding mental illness as a mitigating circumstance is applicable. The thesis is centered on a case study comprising 24 rulings from the time period 2007 - 2011. Sections 3 and 4 of this thesis concern the history of the judicial treatment of the criminally insane as well as describing the basic legal princip
En av de mest anmärkningsvärda förändringarna i Europas familjerätts-system är framväxten av rättsverkningar kopplat till samboskap. Denna utveckling har även under det senaste årtiondet följts av en snabb förändring av samhällsattityderna gentemot samkönade par vilket har lett till ökat rättsligt erkännande i många av EU:s medlemsländer. Ett område av EU-rätten som potentiellt skulle kunna påverkOne of the most remarkable changes in European family law systems is the development of new institutions that provide a legal status for unmarried couples. Over the last decade, this change has also been accompanied by a rapid evolution of social attitudes towards same-sex couples that has lead to legal recognition in many Member States of the EU. An area of EU law where such developments could ha
Korallrev är “den marina världens regnskogar” och de är ett av världens mest artrika och produktiva ekosystem. Korallreven är av stor betydelse för befolkningen i tropiska havsområden. Varmvattenkoraller utsätts idag för storskaliga nedbrytningar och det största hotet mot deras existens anses vara klimatförändringar. Antropogena utsläpp av koldioxid i atmosfären har inneburit en ökning av jordens Coral reefs are the “rainforests” of the oceans, containing the highest diversity of marine organisms. They are highly productive and of great value for populations in tropical coastal areas. All around the world, warm-water coral reefs have experienced large-scale degradation. The greatest threat to their long-term sustainability is climate change and there is increasing evidence that global clim
The recent events of piracy, especially in the Gulf of Aden raised the concerns of the international community, shipping businesses as well as the marine insurance industries. The drastic increase in piratical incidents and the costs associated with them started a discussion as to the piracy coverage under modern marine insurance policies. Piracy has oscillated through history between being treate
Collimated sprays of paticle, known as jets,are abundantly produced in high-energy proton-proton (pp) collisions, and are predicted by many theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. This thesis reports first on the calibration of jets with focus on the data-driven in situ calibration. Two searches for new physics phenomena in events with jets in the final state are then presented. The analyse
Serotonin has been shown to affect the development of the mammalian nervous system. The serotonin transporter is a major factor in regulating extracellular serotonin levels. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry the rat serotonin transporter messenger RNA was localized during embryogenesis, the first four weeks postnatally and adulthood. Three general classes of serotonin transporter messenge
Context. We describe the atomic and molecular data that were used for the abundance analyses of FGK-type stars carried out within the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey in the years 2012 to 2019. The Gaia-ESO Survey is one among several current and future stellar spectroscopic surveys producing abundances for Milky-Way stars on an industrial scale. Aims. We present an unprecedented effort to cre
Man brukar höra att evolution handlar om att de starkaste, de bäst lämpade, överlever. Detta för tankarna till en värld full med översittare, som hänsynslöst driver fram och lämnar de svaga bakom sig. Men det behöver inte vara så. Denna avhandling visar oss att gemenskap är styrka, och att evolutionen skapar liv där de svaga ibland sitter på de starkas axlar.Strutsar är märkliga varelser. De ser uPeople are used to hearing that evolution is about the survival of the fittest. Theyimagine a world full of bullies that ruthlessly fight their way to the top in the struggle for life, leaving the weak behind. But this doesn’t need be the case. This thesis reveals a different side of evolution, where survival means working together, and where the weak can ride on the shoulders of the fit.Ostriches
Through improved bitumen characterization, which will increase the road'sdurability, stability, and performance, pavement engineering can apply thesustainability notion that should be followed in all disciplines nowadays. The newtechniques distinguish between the rheological properties of bituminous binders as a function of loading time and temperature to depict real-world behavior rather than onl
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a significant human pathogen that has developed multipleimmune evasion mechanisms to counter the host immune response. One of these mechanisms involvesthe production of the M protein, which, amongst other things, acts as an anti-phagocytic factor and canbind host proteins. Another is the ability of M protein to bind a human protein called fibronectin (Fn). Thisprotei
Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle. Accurate and reliable estimation of precipitation is essential for various applications. Generally, there are three main types of precipitation products: satellite based, reanalysis, and ground measurements from rain gauge stations. Each type has its advantages and disadvantages. Recent efforts have been made to develop various merging methods
AIMS: Proneurotensin (Pro-NT) is a strong predictor of cardiometabolic disease including type 2 diabetes and obesity, however, the effect of lifestyle change on Pro-NT has not been investigated in this context. Middle Eastern (ME) immigrants represent the largest and fastest growing minority population in Europe and are a high-risk population for obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this randomised con
Purpose: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) exists in the serum in several molecular forms that can be measured by immunodetectable assays: free PSA, PSA complexed to alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (complexed PSA) and total PSA, which represents the sum of the free and complexed forms. We determined the normal distribution of values and established the appropriate reference ranges for these 3 molecular for
Background: Pathological aggregation of tar DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in the brain is the primary cause of many cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). It is therefore imperative to establish empirical staging systems to characterize and distinguish stereotypical patterns and commo
BACKGROUND: Long-term oxygen supplementation for at least 15 hours per day prolongs survival among patients with severe hypoxemia. On the basis of a nonrandomized comparison, long-term oxygen therapy has been recommended to be used for 24 hours per day, a more burdensome regimen.METHODS: To test the hypothesis that long-term oxygen therapy used for 24 hours per day does not result in a lower risk
