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The idea of a common language has always existed in some form in China, from the ya yan of Confucius to the modern day mandarin – known as Putonghua. During the Qing dynasty the Beijing dialect slowly became dominant, and in the years following the Xinhai revolution this was made formal through a series of decisions aimed at standardizing the language. The current definition dates back to the 1956
Rådets direktiv 2001/23/EG om tillnärmning av medlemstaternas lagstiftning om skydd för arbetstagares rättigheter vid överlåtelse av företag, verksamheter eller delar av verksamheter antogs ursprungligen år 1977 som en följd av ökade omstruktureringar och företagsöverlåtelser på den gemensamma marknaden. En viktig bestämmelse återfinns i artikel 3, som stadgar en automatisk övergång från överlåtarThe Council Directive 2001/23/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, was originally adopted in 1977 as a result of an increase in restructurings and transfers of businesses. An important provision is found in article 3, which prescribes the automatic tra
Local human rights defenders play a significant role in the realization and enjoyment of human rights. Working alone or in association with others, they peacefully advocate for and promote fundamental freedoms and human rights for themselves and for their fellow citizens. In the process, they document violations; raise awareness to rights holders about the rights to which they are entitled; remind
Popular Abstract in Swedish "Behavioral Economics" är ett område inom nationalekonomin där forskningsresultat från främst psykologin inhämtas vid analys av ekonomiska fenomen, även om andra samhällsvetenskaper såsom socialpsykologi och sociologi också givit bidrag. Följande avhandling och dess fyra uppsatser undersöker delar av "Behavioral Economics" med särskild betoning på realism, ontologi och This thesis explores Behavioral Economics in terms of realism, ontology and experiments. In the introductory chapter descriptions of "Behavioral Economics", "realism" and "ontology" are offered. In the following three chapters meta-theoretical analyses are performed, while the fifth and last chapter is a report of an experiment but with a meta-theoretical undertone. In Chapter 2 two recent survey
This thesis explores the changing patterns of employment and income assimilation among male immigrants to Sweden. In brief, the results of this work are that immigrants have been facing an increasingly difficult time integrating into the Swedish economy. This difficulty has not been caused by decreasing “quality” of the newer immigrant cohorts, as has often been the argument in the literature. Rat
Boundary finding in simulated medical images is performed by optimizing the Fourier coefficients in a parametric surface representation with respect to an objective function. The deformable model is fitted to the data using the brightness gradient component which is normal to the surface. A low order (<10) Fourier series expansion offers a sufficiently accurate representation for many inherently s
This thesis approaches a field in refugee law, which is rather untouched by the researching community so far. The specific procedure scrutinised is the procedure allowing for asylum applications to be submitted at EU Member States' diplomatic and consular representations abroad. In the thesis this procedure goes under the name externalised processing. The specific aspect focused on is the poss
The international accepted standard today, which is used for tax purposes to attribute profits between related enterprises operating in different countries, is the so-called arm's length principle. The arm's length principle states that transfer prices between related enterprises have to be the same amount as transfer prices in comparable transactions between unrelated enterprises. The pri
The purpose of this graduate thesis is to examine how the best interests of the child principle has evolved in the history of the Swedish institution of adoption, how the best interests of the child shall be provided for with reference to international adoption that takes place today and finally if the best interests of the child principle requires to be clarified in the Swedish legislation. A com
Sweden has a very favourable legislation regarding paid parental leave. However, in the labour market this is not always something positive. Absence from the workplace, and especially a long one, may disturb the employer's organisation and there is a risk that employers compensate for this by, in the worst case, avoiding to employ workers of a fertile age. Further, back at the workplace after
My thesis is a case study on the intervention in Iraq 2003, which was intensely debated prior the intervention and the debate is not yet concluded. My purpose is to analyse whether the intervention may be seen as a humanitarian intervention according to the criterions stipulated by the ICISS's report on the ''Responsibility to Protect'' and other authors' views about what j
Human rights are paving its way on the international arena. The international recognition that certain rights needs to be protected has grown. One of the ways this can be seen is that today, gross violations of human rights are considered to be a threat to international peace and security in the meaning of Article 39 of the Charter of the United Nations. A threat to the peace in the meaning of the
Executive summary Problems During the last decades the society has undergone a major change. Only some years ago organizations’ most important assets were of financial character. Some years ago the conception intellectual capital were presented in order to further explain the difference between market value and book value. This difference is a major concern for many organizations, and to solve thi
Title: Information sharing for improved collaborative planning – A case study in the food supply chain from manufacturer to retail stores Authors: Gunilla Hansson and Maria Hansson, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University Supervisors: Maria Fagrenius, Customer Service & Development Sweden/Ahold Customer Supply Manager, Kraft Foods Sverige AB Fredrik Nilsson, Department of Design Sciences
(Musicality in acting: musicality as a standard and an educational goal for Western spoken theatre) Abstract This thesis takes its point of departure in the prominent use of the term ’musicality’ as a prestige word in theatre discourse where, obviously, not exactly the same reference and meaning is ascribed to the concept as in contexts of music. There seems to be very little previous research in
Självomhändertagande; hur man tar hand om sig i vardagen, i utmanande situationer, i ett framtidsperspektiv samt i ett självbildbildsperspektiv, undersöktes hos kvinnliga studenter inom vårdrelaterade utbildningar vid Lunds universitet. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder användes i studien. Ett stickprov bestående av 123 kvinnor fyllde i en för studien konstruerad enkät gällande självomhändSelf-care; how you take care of yourself in everyday life, in challenging situations, in a long-term as well as in a self-image perspective, was studied in regards to female students at health profession educations at Lund University. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the study. A sample of 123 women responded to a questionnaire regarding self-care designed for the purpose of
Den ständiga jakten på de allra senaste trenderna är en tidskrävande och intensiv aktivitet bland konsumenter som vill hålla sig uppdaterade inom det snabba modet. Fast fashion konsumtion ger möjligheter för konsumenter att hitta och prova nya trender, skapa de senaste klädkombinationerna, och leka med olika stilar. Att hänga med i tempot av nya trender är populärt bland fast fashion konsumenter, Consumers are dedicated and committed to figuring out ways and creating investigative activities to keep up with a fast-moving retail market. These ways and activities are in this study seen as learning activities, which focus on getting to know the marketplace. The context is the fast fashion marketplace in which offerings are desirable because of their limited availability. This temporary charac
We have recently considered the problem of tuning a static plant described by a differentiable input-output function, which is completely unknown, but whose Jacobian takes values in a known polytope of matrices: to drive the output to a given desired value, we have suggested an integral feedback scheme, whose convergence is ensured if the polytope of matrices is robustly full row rank. The suggest
To simplify the analysis of complex dynamical networks, we have recently proposed an approach that decomposes the overall system into the sign-definite interconnection of subsystems with a Positive Impulse Response (PIR). PIR systems include and significantly generalise input-output monotone systems, and the PIR property (or equivalently, for linear systems, the Monotonic Step Response property) c
