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Smoking is rare in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Onsets are common after stopping smoking. Several observations suggest possible immunologic mechanisms in UC. As smoking has an immunosuppressive effect, a possible role of smoking in UC could be immunosuppression. In this study an analogous hypothesis was investigated by studying smoking habits in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
We have measured the soft X-ray absorption and emission spectra of near B-K and C-K absorption edges of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) doped with a small amount (0.32 at.%) of boron (B), including incident/takeoff angle dependence.The main peak intensities at the B-K edge around 182 eV were almost independent on the change of takeoff angle. On the other hand, the satellite peak around 1
We study connectivity in a model of a growing neuronal network in dimensions 2 and 3. Although the axon-to-dendrite proximity is an insufficient condition for establishing a functional synapse, it is still a necessary one. Therefore we study connection probabilities at short distances between the randomly grown axon trees and somas as probabilities of potential connections between the correspondin
Evaluations provide insights into the effectiveness of emergency exercises or the response to a disaster. A well-constructed process is key to capture evidence-based feedback that can support future learning and development. However, little is known about how they are performed in practice and whether they actually meet their intended purpose. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of how ‘ope
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)- and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the developing pineal complex of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., by use of light-microscopic indirect immunoperoxidase techniques. 5-HT immunoreactivity first occurs in the pineal organ at the age of 80 h after fertilization and appears to be localized in cells of the photoreceptor type. The outer seg
The use of natural myoelectric interfaces promises great value for a variety of potential applications, clinical and otherwise, provided a computational mapping between measured neuromuscular activity and executed motion can be approximated to a satisfactory degree. However, prevalent methods intended for such decoding of movement intent from the surface electromyogram (sEMG) based on pattern reco
A study on characteristics of currents and mixing in a shallow ice‐covered Russian lake is presented. The current velocity data are separated into four main components, mean velocity, uninodal longitudinal and transverse seiche currents, and “high”‐frequency velocity fluctuations, using digital filters. The analysis of components shows that mean currents are most pronounced in early winter and are
Since the 1990s, social work has been subject to requirements for monitoring and quality assurance. Here we examine one of the monitoring systems: Open Comparisons (OC). Gradually expanded and published online by a national agency, the OC now has around 350 indicators that cover major areas within social work in Sweden. We use program theory to clarify the operational idea in which OC is based. To
Drawing on general criminological research and literature on enforcement, the article comprehensively examines whether it is 'essential' to employ imprisonment sanctions in the enforcement of market abuse regulations. The article takes an evidence-based and comparative approach to the question of sanctions and compares the effectiveness of criminal laws with other types of sanctions. It is envisag
Fossil fuel subsidies strain public budgets, and contribute to climate change and local air pollution. Despite widespread agreement among experts about the benefits of reforming fossil fuel subsidies, repeated international commitments to eliminate them, and valiant efforts by some countries to reform them, they continue to persist. This book helps explain this conundrum, by exploring the politics
The spontaneous crafting of hook-tools from bendable material to lift a basket out of a vertical tube in corvids has widely been used as one of the prime examples of animal tool innovation. However, it was recently suggested that the animals' solution was hardly innovative but strongly influenced by predispositions from habitual tool use and nest building. We tested Goffin's cockatoo, which is nei
After Tony Blair resigned as the United Kingdom’s prime minster in June 2007, he was appointed as the official envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East. His appointment was marred with controversy not the least with regard to his suitability for the role and his performance as peace envoy, with many observers questioning his ethical credentials. The EU along with the US, Russia and the UN make up t
The use of this material under current conditions is supported by existing information. 1,1-Diethoxyheptane was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from the read-across analog octanal dimethyl acetal (CAS # 10022-28-3) show that 1,1-diethoxyheptane
There is an increasing interest in modelling and control of integrated urban wastewater systems (UWS). Nevertheless, given the multiple interactions between the sub-systems–catchment, sewer system, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and receiving water system–the selection of effective control handles for improving receiving water quality is a major challenge. In this paper, a systematic study to i
The recently discovered glymphatic system, which supports brain-wide clearance of metabolic waste, has become the subject of intense research within the past few years. Its nomenclature arose due to its functionally analogous nature to the lymphatic system in combination with glial cells that are part of its anatomical boundaries. The influx of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from perivascular spaces in
The present paper assesses the usage of relational ontologies in the realm of macromarketing made available by consumer culture theorists. Our paper advances this movement by exploring the potential of relational ontologies to propel a more thorough methodological discussion and operationalization of relationality in macromarketing. To fulfill this task, the paper first identifies and discusses fo
This chapter focuses on legal interpretation, reflecting on policy options between pluralism and harmonisation in two separate levels: (1) the desirability of establishing, or not, further harmonisation of interpretative rules, criteria and praxis in IP law; (2) whether internal harmonisation or systemic coherence between different areas of law and regulation that affect the same object or legal f
In this paper we make three points about the current state and promising future directions of qualitative research in our field of innovation policy research. First, we argue that research design and methods are dealt with quite superficially in most innovation policy studies papers and journals providing little guidance to new scholars as to how to approach their research. Secondly we argue that
