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År 2014 antogs direktiv 2014/65EU, även kallat MiFID II. Direktivet reglerar bland annat hur finansiella institut ska organisera sin verksamhet för att skydda kundernas intresse i de fall kunderna handlar med finansiella instrument. Direktivet är skrivet med ett starkt kundskydd och harmoniserad inre marknad som mål. Två år senare, 2016, antogs direktiv 2016/97, även kallat IDD. IDD är motsvarandeThe financial crisis 2008 revealed several weaknesses in the regulation on the financial markets. It was evident that a new, stricter, regulation was needed to be created. Directive 2014/65EU, MiFID II and directive 2016/97, IDD, is a part of the new financial regulation. MiFID II regulates how financial institutes can interact with investors, when investors seek to buy or sell financial instrumen

I uppsatsen berör jag regleringen om ansvarsfrihetgrunder för våldsgärningar företagna inom ishockey och jämförlig kontaktidrott. Jag undersöker om det uppmärksammade Liljafallet har förtydligat gällande rätt och om regleringen kan anses rättssäker och förutsebar. Ansvarsfrihetsgrunderna som kan motiverar tillåtlighet i annars brottsliga våldsgärningar är den oskrivna undantagsregeln enligt läran In the essay I examine the regulation on excluding criminal liability for assaults conducted by a player towards another player, while playing ice hockey and comparable contact sports. I investigate whether the precedent “Liljafallet” has clarified the applicable law and whether the regulation can be regarded as legally secure and if it is predictable for the individual athlete. The rule of consen

Rättighetsstadgan utgör en del av EU:s primärrätt och medlemsstaterna är bundna av stadgan när de tillämpar EU-rätten. Enligt domstolens praxis omfattar begreppet ”tillämpar” att medlemsstaten implementerar en bestämmelse; tillämpar ett i fördragen angivet undantag från fri rörlighet; och när de använder grundläggande rättigheter för att inskränka fri rörlighet. I C-235/17 Kommissionen mot UngernThe Charter of Fundamental Rights is part of the primary law of EU. The member states are bound by the charter when they are implementing EU law. The term “implementing” has by the court been confirmed to include when a member state is implementing an EU regulation; when they are using a legitimate exception to free movement; and when they are using fundamental rights to restrict free movement. I

This thesis deals with the hunting of wild boar during the Mesolithic in South Scandinavia and the relationship between humans and wild game. The study is based on an analysis of osteological remains from sites in Scania, Sweden, dating from the Late Maglemose Culture to the Early Ertebølle Culture. Tooth development and tooth wear in recent populations from Poland, Germany and Sweden have been s

Issues: HIV/hepatitis coinfection in Europe; WHO European clinical protocols on the management of people coinfected with HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV); stakeholder recommendations for better HCV services. Introduction: The increasing availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy throughout Europe and central Asia has changed comorbidity and mortality patterns among people livin

Old age is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to stroke and poor recovery from brain injury, but the cellular processes underlying these phenomena are only recently coming to light. Potential mechanisms include changes in brain plasticity-promoting factors, unregulated expression of neurotoxic factors, or differences in the generation of scar tissue that impedes the formation of new axons

Intraventricular 192 IgG-saporin was used to induce a selective lesion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in rats. When subjected to 40 rapid hippocampal kindling stimulations with 5-min intervals, these animals exhibited increased number of generalized seizures and a higher mean seizure grade in response to the first five stimulations, and required fewer stimuli to develop focal behavioural s

PURPOSE: To determine whether long-term treatment with the anti-epileptic drug vigabatrin causes damage to rabbit retina.METHODS: Five rabbits were treated continuously with a daily dose of vigabatrin solution per orally during a period of 1-8 months. Two rabbits receiving water were used as controls. Repeated full-field electroretinograms (every two weeks) were assessed during this period. Vigaba

Mating behaviour and mating patterns are affected to a large extent by body size in both hermaphrodites and gonochorists. Detailed research on mating patterns, mate choice, pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in marine pulmonates is wanting, thus warranting more attention as a study system in the future. The simultaneous hermaphroditic limpet Siphonaria capensis (Pulmonata: Basommatophora) s

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a co-transmitter in sympathetic nerves and released from platelets, has recently been shown to stimulate growth of vascular smooth muscle cells. It might therefore contribute to the development of vascular hypertrophy seen in hypertension and atherosclerosis. We aimed at characterising the receptor mediating this mitogenic effect in rat aorta smooth muscle cells. The

Screening for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) risk in newborns has little negative emotional impact on mothers. In this study, the impact on the mother and the father was evaluated both in the general population and in families with diabetes. All parents with a newborn in Skåne, Sweden, were invited to a screening for T1DM risk in their children (the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne (DiPiS)). Blood was obtaine

Background: Prior reports suggest a link between gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gastrointestinal function. The aim of the study was to prospectively investigate women subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) using the GnRH analog buserelin, taking into account gastrointestinal symptoms and antibody development against buserelin, GnRH, luteinizing hormone (LH), and their receptors. Meth

In hot humid regions the high outdoor temperature has negative effects on the indoor temperature of buildings that are not designed to cope with the local climate. This leads to discomfort for the occupants. In Maputo City, the capital of Mozambique, electrical devices such as fans and air conditioners are used to obtain a comfortable indoor climate. The cost of electricity is a problem for consum

Many birds use a flight mode called undulating or flap-gliding flight, where they alternate between flapping and gliding phases, while only a few bats make use of such a flight mode. Among birds, flap-gliding is commonly used by medium to large species, where it is regarded to have a lower energetic cost than continuously flapping flight. Here, we introduce a novel model for estimating the energet

Mental health problems among adolescents have become a major public health issue, and it is therefore important to increase knowledge on the contextual determinants of adolescent mental health. One such determinant is the socioeconomic structure of the neighbourhood. The present study has two central objectives, (i) to examine if neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation is associated to individual

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections globally and the leading cause of preventable blindness in the developing world. There are two biovariants of C trachomatis: 'trachoma', causing ocular and genital tract infections, and the invasive 'lymphogranuloma venereum' strains. Recently, a new variant of the genital tract C trachomatis emerged in S

Almost every day a school fire occurs in Sweden. In most cases arson is the cause of the fire. The losses for these arson fires are considerable. In this report a number of cases studies have been conducted on school fires in Sweden. The project envisages obtaining more knowledge on the technical factors that influence the spread of fires with arson in schools. Solutions to mitigate the fire sp

The formation of planetary cores must proceed rapidly in order for the giant planets to accrete their gaseous envelopes before the dissipation of the protoplanetary gas disc (less than or similar to 3 Myr). In orbits beyond 10 AU, direct accumulation of planetesimals by the cores is too slow. Fragments of planetesimals could be accreted faster, but planetesimals are likely too large for fragmentat

Popular Abstract in Swedish Kroppens immunförsvar består av röda och vita blodceller som alla härstammar från blodbildande stamceller i benmärgen. Stamcellerna har den unika egenskapen att kunna producera alla typer av blodceller och upprätthålla produktionen hela livet ut. I princip all blodbildning (hematopoes) sker i benmärgen, förutom för T celler. Dessa är vita blodceller som produceras i thyhe hematopoietic development is a highly dynamic but tightly regulated process. The flexibility to produce blood cells through more than one route will allow the blood system to respond rapidly in stress situations such as infections. On the other hand, regulation of the blood system is required to prevent blood cells from uncontrolled proliferation that could result in leukemia or bone marrow fai