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Popular Abstract in Swedish Vid internationell handel med varor utgår olika skatter och avgifter; dessutom kan varorna vara föremål för import- och exportbegränsningar. Genom frihandelsavtal kan dock bestämmas att vissa varor får importeras och exporteras tullfritt. De bestämmelser som således gäller för olika varor sammanfattas för skilda varuslag i tulltaxan. Varuklassificeringen har därför storIn international commerce, various taxes and charges are levied on commodities; besides, goods may be subject to import and export restrictions. However, free-trade agreements may stipulate that some goods can be imported and exported free of charge. The regulations pertaining to different types of merchandise are reflected in the customs tariff of a state or customs union. The application of many

Poverty and to fight poverty is certainly on top of the EU agenda and especially in the wake of the economic and financial crisis that has struck many European Member States. Poverty is a central element of the newly initiated EU2020 strategy and the EU´s ambition is to seek to lift at least 20 Million people out of poverty and social exclusion to the year 2020. This report has addressed the follo

Significant saving potential is believed to exist in all economic activities of the private sector of MENA countries. However this potential is hardly explored in systematic ways. Particularly in the context of a country like Saudi Arabia, where the cost of water production is among the highest in the world, the incentives to examine this potential should be high. In 2007, a group of private secto

Popular Abstract in Swedish Syftet med avhandlingen var att utveckla en modell för ledarskap som påverkar målorienterad social kreativitet i organisationer. Modellen, på engelska benämnd Generative learning management, har två dimensioner: målstyrning genom tilldelning och decentralisering av beslutsrätten över strategiutveckling för att nå målen i analogi med parallell distribution. I rent praktiA main purpose of this thesis was to develop a model of leadership style named Generative Learning Management (GLM), thought to influence goal-oriented interpersonal creativity in organizations, and to test this model. Creativity is a complex consisting of both novelty and usefulness and it is a general mental ability that is determined by the interplay between different regions in a normally func

A mathematical framework is introduced for optimization of antenna near-field imaging problems, based on the multipole expansion of the electromagnetic field, the Fisher information to quantify the quality of data and use of modern interior point convex optimization techniques. We consider the general problem of optimizing the measurement sensor allocation for parameter estimation in distributed s

This work presents ideas to underpin efforts to leverage the production of large volumes of agro-biomass and biofuels from transition economies in transition (EiTs) in Central and Eastern Europe with a key focus being co-benefits offered by agro-biofuel production. It departs in recognition of significant institutional barriers to establishment of dedicated plantings; the need for bioenergy within

Industrial packaging contains the parts of final products and is used in the handling and transport of them from the component supplier to the manufacturing company. An increased interest and emphasis on industrial packaging is necessary if the associated potential benefits in terms of costs, efficiency and effectiveness of packaging related activities are to be realized (related activities are th

This paper describes an automatic tuning procedure for dead-time compensating controllers. A first order plus dead time model is identified from two step response experiments. The identification is based on the methods of moments. The model uncertainty is estimated automatically and used in the design to obtain a robust controller.

The probability for errors to occur in electronic systems is not known in advance, but depends on many factors including influence from the environment where the system operates. In this paper, it is demonstrated that inaccurate estimates of the error probability lead to loss of performance in a well known fault tolerance technique, Roll-back Recovery with checkpointing (RRC). To regain the lost p

Popular Abstract in Swedish Svensk populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Miljögift är mat för bakterier i grundvatten Jag har undersökt bakteriers nedbrytning av organiska miljögifter i grundvatten och intresserat mig för hur den påverkas av gifternas vidhäftning till sand och bakteriernas aktivitet och mångfald. Sådan kunskap kan bidra till att förhindra gifters spridning till t.ex. drickvatten. Many factors can influence the rate of microbial degradation of organic contaminants in aquifers. Some of these factors, e.g. sorption, the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), biomass, redox conditions, cometabolism, microbial community composition, and activity of degrading microorganisms, are addressed in the thesis, with the ambition to gain insights for bioremediation in aquifers, and

We give a procedure to find good convolutional codes for use with iterative decoding (turbo equalization) of the coded AWGN intersymbol interference (ISI) channel. The method is based on the input-output bit error rate characteristic of the convolutional BCJR module in the iterative decoder, in combination with the code minimum distance. Both are essential to find best codes. Best feedforward and