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It is not illegal for an undertaking to have dominant position under EU competition law but such undertakings have a special responsibility to ensure that its conduct does not distort competition. Margins squeeze is one of the many different measures that can be construed as an abuse of an undertakings dominant position under Article 102 TFEU. Margin squeeze can be implemented by a vertically-inte
Abstract Acknowledging the macro- and microeconomic importance of foreign direct investment (FDI), this paper aims at examining the determinants, in particular how the agglomeration forces determine the inward FDI in Africa. A comprehension of these determinants is important in order to maintain the positive development and improve the performance of attracting FDI in Africa. Results from my cross
Although written during different centuries, both Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre and J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter books follow the protagonist’s journeys from childhood to adulthood, which is why they are both often described as novels of development. This essay therefore aims to compare the protagonists’ development, looking at the differences and similarities which can be found when analysing them a
The meaning of sentences is a notoriously tricky beast to nail down. In spite of the ease at which we manage to understand new and unfamiliar expressions every day most of us would be at a loss if asked what that understanding consists in. In contemporary philosophy linguistic meaning is often conceived of as a relation of referring or representing things in either some possible world or the actua
For more than a decade, the Swedish personal assistance act has been subject to extensive cutbacks. More and more people have lost assistance whilst fewer are granted allowances. These cutbacks have transpired without any parliamentary decisions limiting the scope of the legislation. As such, the government claim to have no part in the development, holding the cutbacks to be the result only of adm
Detta examensarbete identifierar styrkor och svagheter i multilevel governance-teorin, när denna appliceras på EU-domstolens rättspraxis. Metoden som används är alltså främst en rättsfallsanalys. Material från ett flertal författare har använts för att identifiera relevanta rättsfall och ge juridiska analyser av rättspraxisen, samt även ge en beskrivning av teorin. Genom beskrivningen av teorin haThis thesis identifies the strengths and weaknesses of multilevel governance when the theory is applied to the case law of the Court of Justice. The method used is thus first and foremost a case law study. Materials from various scholars have been used to identify relevant cases and provide legal analyses of the case law, as well as provide a description of the theory. Through the description of t
Denna uppsats utreder hur finansiella produkter klassificeras i inkomstslaget kapital, och vilka skatterättsliga skillnader som finns mellan de olika kategorierna i inkomstslaget. Utifrån praxis och inkomstskattelagens systematik redogörs för hur en avyttring av kryptovalutan Bitcoin ska klassificeras och beskattas. Gällande rätt analyseras sedan mot bakgrund av principen om likformighet och skattThis paper examines how financial products are classified within the capital gains bracket and which tax differences follow from such classification. Based on practice and the methodology of the Income tax act, the paper describes how a divestment of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin should be classified and taxed. The result is thereafter analyzed from the perspective of the principle of uniformity and
AbstractBackground: Identification of patients at risk and prevention of acute postoperative pain (APOP) are central to individualized anesthesia and analgesia. Venous cannulation pain (VCP) has shown promise as a predictor of APOP. In the PeriOPerative Individualization Trial (POPIT), VCP was evaluated as a pain-sensitivity stratification method to guide anesthesia and reduce postoperative pain.
Denna avhandling analyserar sambandet mellan intergenerationell inkomströrlighet och socioekonomiska indikatorer i svenska kommuner. Ett särskilt fokus ligger på sambandet mellan den regionala medianinkomstnivån och intergenerationell inkomströrlighet. Dessutom beaktas andra socioekonomiska indikatorer som till exempel ekonomisk tillväxt och utbildningsnivåer, liksom mått på ojämlikhet såsom GINI This thesis analyses the relationship between intergenerational income mobility and socioeconomic indicators across Swedish municipalities. A particular focus is on the relationship between the median regional income level and intergenerational income mobility. Additionally, other socioeconomic indicators, such as economic growth and education levels, are considered, as well as measures of inequal
From metropolitan areas to tiny villages, there is a wide variety of organizers of cultural, business, entertainment, and social events. These organizers publish such information to an equally wide variety of sources. Every source of published events uses its own document structure and provides dierent sets of information. This raises signicant customization issues. This paper explores the possibi
Beliefs in signals that reveal lies and truths are widespread. It is shown that such beliefs may be exploited strategically in signaling games of pure conflict of interest. Truth and lie detection is modeled by signals perceived by the receiver that are emitted with a probability contingent on the truth value of the sender's message. Truth or lie detection of this kind always shrinks the equilibri
We calculate the survival probability of a special state which couples randomly to a regular or chaotic environment. The environment is modeled by a suitably chosen random matrix ensemble. The exact results exhibit non-perturbative features as revival of probability and non-ergodicity. The role of background complexity and coupling complexity is discussed as well.
Today, cities become more dense, green spaces disappear and children spend less time outdoors. Research suggests that these conditions create health problems and lack of ecological literacy. To reverse such trends, localities are creating urban green spaces for children to visit during school time. Drawing on ideas in ecological literacy, this study investigates school children’s perspectives on a
We have compared two approaches to calculate relative binding free energies employing molecular dynamics simulations at the combined quantum-mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) level. As a test case, we study the binding of nine cyclic carboxylate ligands to the octa-acid deep-cavitand host system. The ligand is treated with the semiempirical PM6-DH+ QM method. In the first approach, we perform
The purpose of this study is threefold; 1) to establish the current level of knowledge regarding cost-effectiveness of organ transplantation, 2) to identify knowledge gaps, and 3) to suggest a framework for future studies. A systematic literature review of economic evaluations of transplantations of solid organs was conducted in October 2010. Economic evaluations published since 2000 and reviews p
Technology volition is the will to develop knowledge of, and use, the physical world to design products, processes and systems. The aim of this study was to contribute new knowledge of children’s technology volition when they identify, build and improve technical constructions, and how teachers support this learning. Analysis focused on moments when children’s volition was expressed in a construct
