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Since the signing of the Treaty on the European Union (TEU) in 1993 the European Union has been base on three "&semicpillars"&semic. The European Community falls under the so-called pillar I. Under the terms of the TEU the two pillars on the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and on Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) differ from pillar I for they do not share the institu
The foundation of International Refugee Law was laid down in the early 1950s by the creation of the UNHCR and the Geneva Convention of July 28 1951Relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter the Geneva Convention) and its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Refugees and asylum seekers are not only protected through the relatively limited refugee law but also through general human
In June 2005 the Commission imposed a &euro&semic60 million fine on AstraZeneca for abusing its dominant position. This was followed in December 2005 by the Discussion Paper on the application of Article 82 EC, issued by the Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission. This thesis discusses the interpretation of Article 82 EC and does this from the perspective of pharmac
As a matter of business reality, the allocation of markets through direct agreements are the most favourable and efficient construction in any level of commerce as it provides the delight of not having to compete with other companies in a certain territory, to a specific customer group or within a particular field of use. However, the practice of dividing different areas within a patent licensing
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was adopted July 17, 1998at the Rome Conference. The Statute entered into force July 1, 2002, after that 60 States had ratified the Statute. The International Criminal Court (ICC) has now established an administration in order to be able to fulfil its mission, its mandate: Affirming that the most serious crimes of concern to the international co
Purpose: This study aims at determining the financial characteristics of takeover targets in the food industry operating in the European Union. By using the logit model, the researchers intend to identify firm targeting behavior that might explain corporate takeover decisions of food and beverage companies in 1999 to 2008 period. Theoretical framework: The theory is based on explaining the motives
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka lovligheten för handelsåtgärder vid gränsen, utförda som ett led i bekämpandet av klimatförändringar, mot bakgrund av rådande WTO-rätt. Tre sammanknutna infallsvinklar har undersökts i syfte att undersöka denna lovlighet. Inledningsvis har en översikt över rådande WTO-rätt genomförts för att utröna dess potentialla inverkan på klimatmotiverade handelsåtgäThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the permissibility of border trade measures undertaken with a climate change rationale under the current regulatory environment of the WTO. Three interconnected angles regarding such permissibility have been examined. An overview was made of the current WTO regulation with regards to its potential impact on climate motivated border measures. This section fo
The aim of this work is to analyze the Chinese Great Leap Forward (大跃进Dayuejin) (1958-1961) and the reasons why its economic and social policies caused such a big imbalance and deficit in the Chinese economy. The thesis is divided in four chapters: The first chapter focuses on the Leap’s antecedent period; it begins with a very brief introduction to the key events after the establishment of the Pe
A theoretical analysis using computer simulations of the loadbearing capacity of ISO 834 standard fire exposed HEA, HEB, IPE and HSQ steel beams partially embedded in concrete and protected with Hensotherm intumescent paint.
Allteftersom hotet från sjöröveri har växt under 2000-talet har rederinäringen tvingats hitta sätt att hantera och fördela riskerna. Denna uppsats behandlar branschens kanske främsta riskfördelningsinstrument (i förhållande till sjöröveri) – standardavtal och försäkringar. I första hand ligger fokus på standardavtalens klausuler om “off-hire”. I andra hand tas även frågor om kringliggande klausuleAs the threat of piracy has gradually grown by the early 21st century the shipping industry has been forced to find ways to handle and apportion risks. In regard of piracy this thesis treats two main risk handling tools of the shipping industry – the standard forms and insurance. Focus lies mainly with the standard form clauses on “off-hire”. Also related clauses will be brought under the light as
The main focus of this thesis is on access to knowledge movement. The exceptions and limitations to the exclusive rights of the author’s in International copyright regime has been discussed in line of that. Te paper has analysed article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights to have human rights perspective on access to knowledge. The paper has focused also in the
As the case of the Deepwater Horizon reveals, the consequences of an oil spill or any other marine incident can be devastating. Although pollution from ships implies a much lesser scale, nevertheless there must be maximum efforts for preventing the possible risks and consequences of marine casualties. For centuries salvors have remained the ones who will provide the fastest response to a ship in
Ecosystem services that people depend upon for their well-being are being lost at an alarming rate. These services include the provisioning of natural resources, food, medicine, flood protection, climate regulation, water purification, and biodiversity retention. In the U.S., the main threat to these services comes from the rapid pace of land conversion. In just a twenty- year period, an area the
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning. Katalyskammare för aktivitetsmätning med laser. Katalysatorer är oumbärliga i såväl livsprocesser som industriella tillämpningar. Bilismen är ett exempel där katalysatorer används vid såväl bränsletillverkning som avgasrening. Med hänsyn till miljön måste mycket ständigt förbättras, också katalytiska processer. I mitt examensarbete har jag karakteriserat en ny Industrial catalysts are very complex systems, often produced of nanoparticles dispersed in a so-called support material to maximize the surface area and minimize the cost. These catalysts are very difficult to study in surface science. Therefore industrial catalysts have been developed in a trial-and-error approach, with the loss of the fundamental understanding of the reactions. In surface scien
Understanding Sense Perception We all need to perceive sensations such as pain; cold or pungent chemicals in order survive. In elucidating sense perception, we investigate TRPA1 which is a major player in sensation. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) is a large family of ion channels that are found in membrane of biological cells. They were first discovered in fruit fly in 1969 and this discovery
