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In the green bond market, bond issuers can obtain various types of external reviews to validate their green claims. This paper examines the impact of external reviews in the form of verification, second party opinion (SPO), and green bond rating on the yield spread between a green bond and a paired conventional bond in the secondary green bond market. We perform coarsened exact matching, followed
This study investigates the drivers of water use efficiency (WUE), a key metric of water resources management, and its changes over eight regions across China from 1982 to 2015 based on gross primary production (GPP) and actual evapotranspiration (AET) datasets. The order of seasonal change of WUE from large to small is autumn, summer, spring and winter. The drivers include seven variables, air te
BACKGROUND: As the resource implications of expanding anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are likely to be large, there is a need to explore its cost-effectiveness. So far, there is no such information available from Ethiopia.OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of ART for routine clinical practice in a district hospital setting in Ethiopia.METHODS: We estimated the unit cost of HIV-related care
Disaster-induced and conflict-induced forced displacements areamong the biggest humanitarian and development challenges of the countriesaround the world in the 21st century. The increasing rate of the forced displacementputs significant pressure on the built environment which popularly includes thechallenges associated with delivering the essential goods and services, providingadequate and appropr
Correlations between moments of different flow coefficients are measured in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV recorded with the ALICE detector. These new measurements are based on multiparticle mixed harmonic cumulants calculated using charged particles in the pseudorapidity region |η|<0.8 with the transverse momentum range 0.2
THE COASTAL AREAS of the island of Gotland in the center of the Baltic Sea is an important wintering site for water-birds in Sweden. Gotland offers extensive areas of shallow feeding grounds and, due to its location, some open waters remain available even during harsh winters. Wintering waterbirds have been counted annually on the island since the start of the international waterbird counts in 196
Understanding the loss surface of neural networks is essential for the design of models with predictable performance and their success in applications. Experimental results suggest that sufficiently deep and wide neural networks are not negatively impacted by suboptimal local minima. Despite recent progress, the reason for this outcome is not fully understood. Could deep networks have very few, if
The alarmones guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp) are involved in regulating growth and several different stress responses in bacteria. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of (p)ppGpp metabolism and (p)ppGpp-mediated regulation. In this Review, we summarize these recent insight
Background: The GTPase eEF1A is the eukaryotic factor responsible for the essential, universal function of aminoacyl-tRNA delivery to the ribosome. Surprisingly, eEF1A is not universally present in eukaryotes, being replaced by the paralog EFL independently in multiple lineages. The driving force behind this unusually frequent replacement is poorly understood. Results: Through sequence searching o
The RelA-mediated stringent response is at the heart of bacterial adaptation to starvation and stress, playing a major role in the bacterial cell cycle and virulence. RelA integrates several environmental cues and synthesizes the alarmone ppGpp, which globally reprograms transcription, translation, and replication. We have developed and implemented novel single-molecule tracking methodology to cha
Linking macro level political economy perspectives with micro level project-based analysis, the paper examines the impact of foreign technical assistance on urban sector projects in Egypt. The paper demonstrates how large aid flows into this sector, following Egypt's Western orientation after 1973, failed to achieve intended results. Three case studies, focusing on community development and partic
Dragonflies are highly skilled and successful aerial predators that are even capable of selectively attending to one target within a swarm. Detection and tracking of prey is likely to be driven by small target motion detector (STMD) neurons identified from several insect groups. Prior work has shown that dragonfly STMD responses are facilitated by targets moving on a continuous path, enhancing the
1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additive is an important method for optimizing the morphology and device performance of polythieno[3,4-b]-thiophene-co-benzodithiophene (PTB7)-based polymer solar cells. However, the effect of DIO additive on charge photogeneration dynamics of PTB7-based polymer solar cells is still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of DIO additive on the carrier photogeneration dy
We study fully differential quarkonia photoproduction observables in ultraperipheral collisions as functions of momentum transfer squared. We employ the dipole picture of the QCD part of the scattering with proton and nucleus targets, with the projectile being a quasireal photon flux emitted by an incoming hadron. We analyze such observables for ground J/ψ, (1S) and excited ψ′, (2S) states whose l
Migraine is ranked as the second highest cause of disability worldwide and the first among women aged 15–49 years. Overall, the incidence of migraine is threefold higher among women than men, though the frequency and severity of attacks varies during puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the postpartum period and menopause. Reproductive hormones are clearly a key influence in the susceptibility
Importance: Blood-based tests for brain amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology are needed for widespread implementation of Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers in clinical care and to facilitate patient screening and monitoring of treatment responses in clinical trials. Objective: To compare the performance of plasma Aβ42/40 measured using 8 different Aβ assays when detecting abnormal brain Aβ status in patients w
Morphometric relationships between populations of Papaver radicatum within the southern Norwegian mountains were investigated using canonical variates analysis and Ward's clustering on capsule and leaf character sets. The survey describes patterns of variation among 13 wild-scored populations from five geographically disjunct localities, usually assigned to five races or subspecies. Our results fr
