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Generellt sett gäller tvister vad som har inträffat i verkligheten och parternas faktaberättelser består av faktiska omständigheter. Vilken betydelse som en omständighet får för utgången av en tvist avgörs av vilken processrättslig kategori som omständigheten hänförs till. Vilka omständigheter som parterna måste åberopa för att domstolen ska få beakta dem avgörs av reglerna om åberopsbörda. När paDisputes generally revolve around what, in reality, has occurred and the parties, therefore, tend to focus on presenting different stories as to how the dispute arose in the first instance. In deciding which series of events should form the basis for the application of the law in question, the court seeks guidance from a plethora of procedural rules. These rules state (i) which party must provide

År 2010 genomförde regeringen en straffmätningsreform i syfte att höja straffen för de allvarligaste våldsbrotten. Denna reform innebar bl.a. ändringar av de allmänna reglerna om straffvärdesbedömning i 29 kap. BrB samt en uppdelning av bestämmelsen om grov misshandel i 3 kap. 6 § BrB. Denna uppdelning innebar att brottet synnerligen grov misshandel introducerades. Regeringens straffmätningsrefoIn the year of 2010 the government implemented a criminal reform with the purpose of raising the punishments for the most severe crimes of violence. This reform involved, among other things, changes of the common rules of assessment of sentencing levels in chapter 29 BrB and a division of the rule about aggravated assault in chapter 3:6 § BrB. This division involved that the crime exceptional aggr

Vid utformningen av rätten att överklaga och prövningen i andra instans finns en mängd aspekter att ta hänsyn till. Dessa ställer på sätt och vis olika krav på prövningens utformning. Detta gäller såväl nationellt som internationellt. Vid utformningen av rätten att överklaga och prövningen i andra instans är det naturligt att landets konventionsåtaganden i form av art. 2 i sjunde tilläggsprotokollWhen forming the right to appeal and the trial in second instance there are a number of aspects to take into account and the different aspects sets, in certain ways, different demands on the form of the trial. This goes both nationally and internationally. When forming the right to appeal and the trial of second instance, it is natural to examine the countries obligations to Art. 2 of the Seventh

Rätten kring användningen av internationella vattendrag för andra ändamål än sjöfart har under de senaste decennierna varit föremål för kodifiering och progressiv utveckling under ILC och FN:s ledning. Arbetet resulterade i att generalförsamlingen 21 maj 1997 röstade igenom en konvention, UNWC , som har varit öppen för tillträde sedan dess. UNWC är till stor del centrerad kring principen om rättviDuring the last few decades, the law on the non-navigational uses of international watercourses has been the subject of codification and progressive development under the auspices of the ILC and the UN. This work resulted in the adoption of the UNWC by the UN General Assembly 21 May 1997, and the UNWC has been open to join since that date. At the core of the convention lies the principle of equita

The aim of this study is to analyse the social workers assessments about economic assistance to clients with a drug- or alcoholic abuse. Furthermore this paper will also shed light on the differences in thoughts that these social workers have on economic assistance for clients with drug- or alcoholic abuse. Our questions for the study is if there are any rules and routines in the different communi

I Sverige berörs 200 barn per år av att en förälder utvisas ur landet. Barn har en del rättigheter dels genom vissa bestämmelser som finns i svenska lagar som FB, SOL och UtlL men även i EKMR och barnkonventionen. Möjligheterna att utesluta utvisning i ett mål kring utvisningsfrågan på grund av brott där utlänningen har barn i riket finner man främmst i 8kap 11§ UtlL. Denna lagändring infördes eftIn Sweden there are 200 children every year which is affected by a parent will be expelled from the country. Children have some rights partly through provisions in Swedish law such as FB, SOL and UtlL but also in EKMR and the child convention. The possibilities of limiting deportation order when the alien has children in the country are found mainly in the aliens act 8 chapters 11§. This provision

Aktivering av immunförsvaret dämpar den samme Kroppens immunförsvar består av en mängd olika typer av specialiserade celler, alla med sina unika egenskaper och nischer. För att immunförsvaret ska fungera så optimalt som möjligt krävs det att cellerna kan interagera och kommunisera med varandra, vilket görs med hjälp av proteiner som finns på cellernas yta. En typ av celler, som kallas CD8+ T cellAbstract 4-1BB (CD137/TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed by several cellular subsets of the immune system, but is commonly associated with CD8+ T cells. Stimulation of 4-1BB on CD8+ T cells with agonistic antibodies (α-4-1BB) causes a potent proliferation signal and an upregulated expression of CD11c. CD11c+CD8+ have previously been recognized to suppress other immune cells, such as F

I en allt mer globaliserad värld präglad av konstant gränsöverskridande handel är det av yttersta vikt att beskattningen av gränsöverskridande transaktioner fungerar tillfredsställande. Detta gäller även de fall då avkastning på finansiella instrument korsar länders gränser. I svensk rätt liksom i många andra länders rätt saknas klara definitioner för vad som är ränta och vad som är utdelning. DetIn a progressively more globalized world featuring constant cross-border trade it is imperative that the taxation of cross-border transactions is carried out in a satisfactory manner. This is also true regarding periodic income from financial instruments. In Swedish tax law as well as in many other countries there is no clear definition of what constitutes interest and dividends. Large multination

Uppsatsen redogör för hur den digitala distributionsformen streaming förhåller sig till gällande rätt och vilka rättigheter upphovsmän och utövande artister har till denna distributionsform. Upphovsrättslagen är en skyddslagstiftning som syftar till att ge skydd åt upphovsmän och utövande artisters prestationer. På senare tid har den upphovsrättsliga lagstiftningen som en följd av det digitaliserThis essay illustrates how the digital distribution method “streaming” interrelates with existing law and which rights authors and performing artists have with this form of distribution. The Swedish Copyright Act is a protective legislation aimed at providing protection for authors' and artists' performances. More recently, as a result of the digitized society, Swedish copyright legislati

Denna uppsats handlar om jämställdhet mellan män och kvinnor i bolagsstyrelser. I dagens bolagsstyrelser råder mansdominans och i denna uppsats utreder jag om man bör sträva efter mer jämställda bolagsstyrelser. Det har föreslagits regleringar av detta slag både på EU-nivå och nationell nivå. EU-kommissionen har föreslagit ett direktiv och den förra jämställdhetsministern, Nyamko Sabuni, har föres

Organic solar cells made of polymers are an attractive alternative to the conventional solar cells which are commercially used today. The polymer solar cell is cheap to produce, due to the high absorption coefficients which limits the needed thickness of the material and due to the simple manufacturing process, which doesn’t demand high temperatures. However, the efficiencies of polymer solar cell

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the prevailing form of rationality that governs the challenges, goals and roles of communication professionals. The authors will also explore alternative forms of rationality and discuss what these would imply. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on survey results from The European Communication Monitor (ECM) and qualitativ

The break up of the family unit leads to new living arrangements and significant changes for children. This can be an extremely upsetting experience for a child, especially if the child is old enough to understand what is happening. New living arrangements can effect a childs fundamental sense of security as well as having consequences later on in life. The object of this research paper was to exa

Unlike previous research, this thesis considers the possibility of regarding the morning prayers in Swedish schools as preaching, rather than teaching. 28 morning prayers, delivered in the church of S:t Johannes in the city of Malmö during 1939-1954 by the religious teacher Astri Heimer (1889-1986), constitutes the material for analysis. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if Heimer's mor

The study of Federalism has attracted scholars of various fields for a long time. Federalism as an instrument of balancing the tension between universalism and particularism has drawn more attention in pluralistic societies. After the end of the cold war era there is a drift in to reaffirmation of ethnic identity as a means of determining the public life of a society, the venture to ethnify federa

Intellectual property law seeks to promote society's industrial development through the recognition of patents. The logic of granting patent protection is clear-cut: Patents provide incentives for developing new technology. The lack of an adequate legal protection for innovations would slow progress and the benefits it brings. Without legal protection, companies would be unlikely to spend sign

If as Hersch Lauterpact stated in the most overly quoted Humanitarian Lawyers phrase in Oppenheim's International Law, International Humanitarian Law lies at the vanishing point of International Law, then I would posit that it is only the continuance of education particularly education in LOAC that prevents it from vanishing altogether. The preservation of the buildings housing that education

Studien syftar till att undersöka hbt-personers upplevelser av terapi i hbt-avseende, med fokus på situationer som upplevts särskilt positiva respektive negativa. Då få studier finns på området har en explorativ ansats valts. Nio semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med informanter som rekryterats via en web-enkät. Informanterna har valts utifrån att de haft både positiva och negativa erfarThis study aims to examine lgbt persons´ experiences of therapy from an lgbt perspective, with a focus on situations that have been experienced as especially positive or negative. Since few studies have been conducted on the subject, the study is explorative. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants who were recruited through a web-based survey. The informants were chosen bas