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Cancer, a group of diseases with abnormal cell growth, is today very common in our society. There are different forms of cancer, which all display different symptoms, but still have mutual characteristics. One such is the way cancer cells create energy which, like healthy cells, starts with glycolysis of glucose to pyruvate. In healthy cells, with sufficient oxygen supply, the enzyme pyruvate dehy

The empirical study reported in this essay concerns Swedish university level learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) and their lexical inferencing skills, that is, their ability to guess the meaning of unknown words in a running text using different types of knowledge and textual cues (Haastrup, 1991). More precisely, the present investigation explores the relationship between students’ in

Sedan hösten 2006 har lagstiftningsprocessen fått ett nytt inslag. Ett oreglerat och nästan okänt inslag, men ack så viktigt. När de fyra borgerliga partierna under åren 2004-2006 förberedde ett eventuellt regeringsskifte efter valet 2006 så var den s.k. Äntringsstyrkans arbete mycket viktigt. Ett av deras viktigaste förslag var att en mekanism för all samordning mellan de fyra partierna skulle inSince fall 2006, the legislative process has a new element. An unregulated and almost unknown element, however very important. When the four center right wing parties during the years 2004-2006 were preparing a possible change of government after the 2006 election, the work of the so-called “Äntringsstyrkan” was very important. One of their main proposals was that a mechanism for all coordination

I denna uppsats bearbetas rättsreglerna kring surrogatmoderskap och problem som kan uppstå kring detta ämne. Surrogatmoderskap, som innebär att en kvinna bär fram ett barn till ett annat par, är inte tillåtet i Sverige. Det finns en debatt kring ämnet, där problematiken ställs på sin spets och konsekvenserna, ett tillåtande och ett fortsatt förbud skulle kunna leda till, tas upp. Det är många som In this thesis I will process the Swedish legal rules of surrogacy arrangements and problems that can appear with it. Surrogacy arrangements, when a woman carries and gives birth to a baby for another couple, are illegal in Sweden. There is a discussion about it and a lot of discordant thoughts and the arguments are good, whether they are pro or con surrogacy arrangements. But which ones are the b

Addressing key environmental concerns during humanitarian assistance is critical to prevent additional hazards, reduce risks, and to not further increase the vulnerability of disaster-affected populations. However, the environment remains an underappreciated cross-cutting issue within the humanitarian sector and efforts to systematically integrate environmental concerns into humanitarian assistanc

The physics of interacting many-body systems is a very complex and challenging subject. Therefore one in general needs to use simplified models and approximate methods for studying these systems theoretically. In this work we study the exchange-correlation (xc) potential for the Hubbard-Holstein (HH) model for the application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to the same. The Hohenberg-Kohn theo

Längs Kaledonidernas östra erosionsfront finns den världskända bly- och zinkfyndigheten vid Laisvall (totalt 64 miljoner ton bruten malm) och mineraliseringen vid Granberget samt flertalet mindre malmkroppar av impregnationstyp bestående av blyglans och zinkblände som kristalliserat i klastiska bergarter. I äldre litteratur har mineraliseringsprocesserna och tidsspannet för mineralisationen diskutThe eastern Caledonian erosional front hosts the world-class Pb-Zn deposit at Laisvall (64 Mt mined) and Granberget mineralization, northern Sweden, along with several other smaller, related types of deposits consisting of impregnation mineralization of galena and sphalerite in clastic host rocks. Previous work have discussed the nature of the ore-forming processes and constraints for the timing o

For more than a decade, the Swedish personal assistance act has been subject to extensive cutbacks. More and more people have lost assistance whilst fewer are granted allowances. These cutbacks have transpired without any parliamentary decisions limiting the scope of the legislation. As such, the government claim to have no part in the development, holding the cutbacks to be the result only of adm

Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda skyddsomfånget för artikel 3 i Europakonventionen i de fall svårt sjuka migranter riskerar utvisning till ett land som inte kan erbjuda tillräcklig vård. Med avstamp i artikelns ursprungliga förbud för stater att utsätta individer för tortyr och omänsklig eller förnedrande behandling, anläggs ett rättsutvecklingsperspektiv på hur skyddet har utformats. Vidare appliceThe purpose of this essay is to investigate the scope of protection under article 3 of the European convention on human rights in cases where seriously ill migrants face expulsion to a country which cannot provide adequate health care. Starting with a presentation of the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment, the essay presents the development of the law regarding the scope of

Vid brott mot barn och då barn står som vittne saknas ofta andra vittnen och annan teknisk bevisning. Här ställs inte bara krav på domstolarnas kompetens utan även den psykologiska kunskapen vid utredningar då barnets utsaga kan vara den enda bevisningen att tillgå. Det är av oerhörd vikt att alla aktörer inom rättsväsendet besitter kunskap att genomföra en korrekt bedömning i det enskilda fallet.When it comes to crime against children the child is often the only witness and other evidence are not existing. In these cases, it’s not only the courts´ legal competence that is put to the test, but also their psychological ability of how to handle a case where a child is the only one with a statement. It is important that everyone in the legal system has this knowledge so that they can make a c

Denna uppsats behandlar förutsättningarna för att döma i medgärningsmannaskap, undersöker hur tillämpningen sett ut i rättspraxis och presenterar synpunkter som förklarar varför tillämpningen sett ut som den gjort. Ansvarsformen medgärningsmannaskap kan delas upp i ordinärt och utvidgat medgärningsmannaskap. Ordinärt medgärningsmannaskap innebär att flera deltagare tillsammans utför en brottsligThis essay deals with the necessary requirements to convict a participant in a crime as an offender instead of an accomplice. The essay also examines how the courts have judged in practice and the reasons for that. A participant in a crime is convicted as an offender together with other participants in the following cases. First of all, when the participant together with other participants perfor

BDSM är en grupp erotiska tekniker som blivit allt mer uppmärksammade de senaste åren, ur juridiskt perspektiv genom ett antal friande våldtäktsdomar. I målen har den tilltalades övertygelse om att våldet tillämpades i en sexuell kontext inom ramen för ett frivilligt rollspel resulterat i en friande utgång på grund av uppsåtsbrist. Detta trots att domstolen konstaterat att det inte förelegat giltiBDSM is a variety of erotic practices that has received increased attention in recent years, in a legal context mainly through a number of rape trials where the accused was found not-guilty. In the cases, the accused's conviction that the violence was applied in a sexual context within a voluntary role-play resulted in a verdict of not guilty, this despite the fact that the court found that th

Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka huruvida det finns en rätt till abort inrymd i mänskliga rättigheter på en folkrättslig nivå. 47 000 kvinnor dör årligen på grund av osäkra aborter. Detta är något som enkelt kan förhindras genom en tillgång till säkra metoder erbjudna av sjukvård. Fem olika mänskliga rättigheter gås igenom under ett genusperspektiv. Dessa är: rätt till liv, rätt till hThis essay seeks to examine whether human rights hold an underlying right to abortion. 47 000 women die every year as a result of unsafe abortion. This can be prevented through access to safe procedures contributed by health care. Five different human rights which all could include a right to abortion are studied under a gender perspective. These rights are: the right to life, right to health, ri

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka den skatterättsliga värderingen av bostadsförmåner ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Den teoretiska diskussionen görs med avstamp i en inkonsekvent kammarrättspraxis som har uppenbarat sig de senaste åren. Enligt gällande rätt ska värderingen göras i enlighet med huvudregeln för skattepliktiga förmåner. Denna huvudregel återfinns i 61 kap. 2 § inkomstskattThe purpose of this essay is to investigate the valuation of taxable accommodation benefits in Swedish law from a perspective of legal certainty. The theoretical discussion is based on an inconsistent case law in the administrative court of appeal that has appeared in the last years. Pursuant to established law the valuation is to be done in accordance with the general rule for taxable benefits.

Denna kandidatuppsats kommer att redogöra för den varumärkesrättsliga förväxlingsbedömningen. Konflikter gällande förväxling kan uppstå både vid intrångsmål och vid registreringsförfarande. Bedömningen är snårig och komplicerad och många olika faktorer ska tas i beaktande. Det handlar om en helhetsbedömning där det sammantagna resultatet avgör om det finns en risk för att ett yngre varumärke kan fThis thesis statement deals with the likelihood of confusion test used within the area of trade mark law. Conflicts regarding the confusion between trade marks are handled by court in infringement cases and looked upon by the competent offices during registration. The test is complex and many different factors must be taken into account. The test involves an overall evaluation to investigate if a

Women and men's ability to adapt to climate change depends largely on access to climate funding. Therefore, it is highly important that international climate politics make decisions in order to promote equal and gender sensitive financing. This study seeks to increase understanding of how gender is problematized and integrated into international climate finance mechanisms. The starting point i

During the 20th century storm damage in Sweden has increased as a consequence of how the forest has been managed, an increased proportion of forest and older tree stands. The increase of storm damage has consequences for the regional economy, infrastructure, foresters, and the society. At the same time the climate is gradually changing, which means increased temperatures and higher precipitation r

Fruits and leafy vegetables are the major target of pathogenic E.coli outbreaks. Usually soil and other contaminants present in the land provides easy pathway for pathogenic bacteria to enter the plant body. Later upon consumption of such infected food lead to various health problems. To overcome such outbreaks, during our study one of the leafy vegetable spinach was used as a medium to understand

Det övergripande syftet med uppsatsen är att definiera och förklara fenomenet aberratio ictus, såväl i teorin som i praktiken, och vidare klargöra hur gällande rätt i Sverige ser ut, samt redovisa vilka lösningsmodeller som används eller förespråkas idag. Aberratio ictus avser situationer där gärningsmannens uppsåt är att angripa en specifik person men där denne råkar träffa en annan person vid uThe general purpose of the essay is to define and to explain the phenomenon referred to as aberratio ictus, both theoretically and practically. In addition to this, the essay attempts to present potential solutions to the problem and to establish how the law is currently applied in regard to this matter, in Sweden. Aberratio ictus pertains to situations where the perpetrator’s intent was to attack

Human trafficking consists of a sequence of smaller events taking place over a large span of time and perhaps even over multiple borders. Perpetrators of the crime take people away from their homes and their origins, either through coercion or threat of force, and instead place them in frightful environments where their survival and human dignity is constantly at risk. Legal measures to fight huma